{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T23:54:59Z","timestamp":1793145299504,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000009","name":"Foundation for the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000009","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000016","name":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000016","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZIA BC 011345"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZIA BC 011345"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cancer Letters"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217975","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,9]],"date-time":"2025-08-09T14:50:27Z","timestamp":1754751027000},"page":"217975","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Altering the gut microbiome and tumor microenvironment in advanced liver cancer: A phase II study of nivolumab, tadalafil and oral vancomycin in patients with refractory primary hepatocellular carcinoma or liver dominant metastatic cancer from colorectal or pancreatic cancers"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"632","author":[{"given":"Chi","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6074-4771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joy A.","family":"Awosika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Monge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelley","family":"Coffman-D\u2019Annibale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changqing","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0854-3360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nebojsa","family":"Skorupan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donna M.","family":"Hrones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3521-4116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lichun","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradford J.","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elliot B.","family":"Levy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David E.","family":"Kleiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William D.","family":"Figg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernadette","family":"Redd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John A.","family":"McCulloch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam R.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5892-7464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgio","family":"Trinchieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0806-2535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim F.","family":"Greten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217975_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-00240-3","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"7","author":"Llovet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217975_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-939841","article-title":"Epidemiology of primary and secondary liver cancers","volume":"23","author":"Ananthakrishnan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Semin. Interv. Radiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217975_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.2677","article-title":"The landscape of metastatic progression patterns across major human cancers","volume":"6","author":"Budczies","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217975_bib4","series-title":"Liver Metastasis. StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): Treasure Island (FL)","author":"Griscom","year":"2024"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217975_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1894","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1915745","article-title":"Atezolizumab plus bevacizumab in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"382","author":"Finn","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217975_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1056\/EVIDoa2100070","article-title":"Tremelimumab plus durvalumab in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"1","author":"Abou-Alfa","year":"2022","journal-title":"NEJM Evid"},{"issue":"17_suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217975_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2024.42.17_suppl.LBA4008","article-title":"Nivolumab (NIVO) plus ipilimumab (IPI) vs lenvatinib (LEN) or sorafenib (SOR) as first-line treatment for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (uHCC): first results from CheckMate 9DW","volume":"42","author":"Galle","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217975_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-002794","article-title":"Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) clinical practice guideline on immunotherapy for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"9","author":"Greten","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217975_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-021-00347-z","article-title":"Systemic immunity in cancer","volume":"21","author":"Hiam-Galvez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217975_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-16-0325","article-title":"Liver metastasis and treatment outcome with anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody in patients with melanoma and NSCLC","volume":"5","author":"Tumeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Res."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217975_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-021-00383-9","article-title":"The immunological and metabolic landscape in primary and metastatic liver cancer","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217975_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0014-x","article-title":"Understanding the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) for effective therapy","volume":"24","author":"Binnewies","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217975_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.03.020","article-title":"A new population of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in hepatocellular carcinoma patients induces CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) T cells","volume":"135","author":"Hoechst","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217975_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23054","article-title":"Myeloid derived suppressor cells inhibit natural killer cells in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma via the NKp30 receptor","volume":"50","author":"Hoechst","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217975_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-307990","article-title":"Current concepts of immune based treatments for patients with HCC: from basic science to novel treatment approaches","volume":"64","author":"Greten","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217975_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13102418","article-title":"Liver immune microenvironment and metastasis from colorectal cancer-pathogenesis and therapeutic perspectives","volume":"13","author":"Zeng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217975_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-040122-034745","article-title":"Beyond erectile dysfunction: cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for other clinical disorders","volume":"63","author":"Samidurai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217975_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2691","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20061104","article-title":"Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibition augments endogenous antitumor immunity by reducing myeloid-derived suppressor cell function","volume":"203","author":"Serafini","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217975_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-14-1716","article-title":"Tadalafil augments tumor specific immunity in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"21","author":"Califano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217975_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-14-1711","article-title":"Tadalafil reduces myeloid-derived suppressor cells and regulatory T cells and promotes tumor immunity in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"21","author":"Weed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217975_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.10.040","article-title":"Targeting the crosstalk between cytokine-induced killer cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"70","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217975_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2022-006493","article-title":"T cell-mediated targeted delivery of tadalafil regulates immunosuppression and polyamine metabolism to overcome immune checkpoint blockade resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217975_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2017.06.009","article-title":"Control of metastasis by NK cells","volume":"32","author":"Lopez-Soto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217975_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-022-00513-x","article-title":"Targeting the gut microbiota for cancer therapy","author":"Fernandes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217975_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1097\/PPO.0000000000000646","article-title":"The microbiome and liver cancer","volume":"29","author":"Myojin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer J."},{"issue":"6391","key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217975_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan5931","article-title":"Gut microbiome-mediated bile acid metabolism regulates liver cancer via NKT cells","volume":"360","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217975_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2200854","article-title":"CSF-1R+ macrophages control the gut microbiome-enhanced liver invariant NKT function through IL-18","volume":"211","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217975_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkw383","article-title":"Short- and long-term effects of oral vancomycin on the human intestinal microbiota","volume":"72","author":"Isaac","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217975_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.11.034","article-title":"Impact of oral vancomycin on gut microbiota, bile acid metabolism, and insulin sensitivity","volume":"60","author":"Vrieze","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217975_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00045-15","article-title":"Antibiotic-induced alterations of the gut microbiota alter secondary bile acid production and allow for Clostridium difficile spore germination and outgrowth in the large intestine","volume":"1","author":"Theriot","year":"2016","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217975_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(81)80125-4","article-title":"Determinants of serum bile acids in chronic liver disease","volume":"81","author":"Pare","year":"1981","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217975_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(84)80022-0","article-title":"Role of portal and splenic vein shunts and impaired hepatic extraction in the elevated serum bile acids in liver cirrhosis","volume":"86","author":"Ohkubo","year":"1984","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217975_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI110668","article-title":"Hepatic uptake of bile acids in man. Fasting and postprandial concentrations of individual bile acids in portal venous and systemic blood serum","volume":"70","author":"Angelin","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217975_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2012.04.004","article-title":"Myeloid-derived suppressor cell measurements in fresh and cryopreserved blood samples","volume":"381","author":"Kotsakis","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217975_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2203","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.08.015","article-title":"Cooperation between distinct cancer driver genes underlies intertumor heterogeneity in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"159","author":"Molina-Sanchez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217975_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1600266","article-title":"The human intestinal microbiome in health and disease","volume":"375","author":"Lynch","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217975_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-019-0155-3","article-title":"The cancer microbiome","volume":"19","author":"Elinav","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217975_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-051116-052133","article-title":"Microbes and cancer","volume":"35","author":"Dzutsev","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"issue":"6161","key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217975_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1240527","article-title":"Commensal bacteria control cancer response to therapy by modulating the tumor microenvironment","volume":"342","author":"Iida","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6575","key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217975_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaz7015","article-title":"Dietary fiber and probiotics influence the gut microbiome and melanoma immunotherapy response","volume":"374","author":"Spencer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217975_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc.2017.13","article-title":"Microbiota: a key orchestrator of cancer therapy","volume":"17","author":"Roy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"issue":"6529","key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217975_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abf3363","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplant overcomes resistance to anti-PD-1 therapy in melanoma patients","volume":"371","author":"Davar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217975_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0374-6","article-title":"Can we harness the microbiota to enhance the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy?","volume":"20","author":"Finlay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217975_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-20-0304","article-title":"Gut microbiome directs hepatocytes to recruit MDSCs and promote cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217975_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2022.02.009","article-title":"The gut-liver axis: host microbiota interactions shape hepatocarcinogenesis","volume":"8","author":"Silveira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Cancer"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217975_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2024.167230","article-title":"Microecological regulation in HCC therapy: gut microbiome enhances ICI treatment","volume":"1870","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217975_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-022-00741-4","article-title":"Immunology and immunotherapy of cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"20","author":"Greten","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217975_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-023-00803-9","article-title":"Towards modulating the gut microbiota to enhance the efficacy of immune-checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"20","author":"Simpson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217975_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2021.104295","article-title":"MDSCs in liver cancer: a critical tumor-promoting player and a potential therapeutic target","volume":"361","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217975_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-019-0650-9","article-title":"Gut microbiome affects the response to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"7","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217975_bib51","article-title":"Modulating gut microbiome in cancer immunotherapy: harnessing microbes to enhance treatment efficacy","volume":"5","author":"Kang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217975_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.629438","article-title":"Assessment of oral vancomycin-induced alterations in gut bacterial microbiota and metabolome of healthy men","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217975_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.01.003","article-title":"Modulation of the fecal bile acid profile by gut microbiota in cirrhosis","volume":"58","author":"Kakiyama","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217975_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI124332","article-title":"Gut microbiota modulate dendritic cell antigen presentation and radiotherapy-induced antitumor immune response","volume":"130","author":"Uribe-Herranz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217975_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2023.01.012","article-title":"Modulation of the gut microbiota engages antigen cross-presentation to enhance antitumor effects of CAR T cell immunotherapy","volume":"31","author":"Uribe-Herranz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217975_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2017.1326440","article-title":"Tadalafil has biologic activity in human melanoma. Results of a pilot trial with Tadalafil in patients with metastatic Melanoma (TaMe)","volume":"6","author":"Hassel","year":"2017","journal-title":"OncoImmunology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217975_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/noajnl\/vdad088","article-title":"A pilot phase Ib study to evaluate tadalafil to overcome immunosuppression during chemoradiotherapy for IDH-wild-type glioblastoma","volume":"5","author":"Ghosh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology Advances"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217975_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-012-1332-3","article-title":"Comparative analysis of monocytic and granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cell subsets in patients with gastrointestinal malignancies","volume":"62","author":"Duffy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217975_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1080\/14756366.2016.1250756","article-title":"Investigation of PDE5\/PDE6 and PDE5\/PDE11 selective potent tadalafil-like PDE5 inhibitors using combination of molecular modeling approaches, molecular fingerprint-based virtual screening protocols and structure-based pharmacophore development","volume":"32","author":"Kayik","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Enzym. Inhib. Med. Chem."}],"container-title":["Cancer Letters"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0304383525005452?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0304383525005452?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T13:36:10Z","timestamp":1772804170000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0304383525005452"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":59,"alternative-id":["S0304383525005452"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217975","relation":{},"ISSN":["0304-3835"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0304-3835","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Altering the gut microbiome and tumor microenvironment in advanced liver cancer: A phase II study of nivolumab, tadalafil and oral vancomycin in patients with refractory primary hepatocellular carcinoma or liver dominant metastatic cancer from colorectal or pancreatic cancers","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Cancer Letters","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217975","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"217975"}}