{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T19:04:07Z","timestamp":1769108647737,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,1]],"date-time":"2018-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538352000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,1]],"date-time":"2018-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538352000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,9]],"date-time":"2018-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1533772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HL126638 to T.P.O. and HL138814 to E.H.V."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL126638 to T.P.O. and HL138814 to E.H.V."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16POST30260021 to E.H.V."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16POST30260021 to E.H.V."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","onlinejcf.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Cardiac Failure"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.08.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,10]],"date-time":"2018-08-10T03:06:52Z","timestamp":1533870412000},"page":"695-705","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Alveolar Air and O2 Uptake During Exercise in Patients With Heart Failure"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0576-3229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erik H.","family":"Van Iterson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joshua R.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas P.","family":"Olson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.08.001_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e3181e52e69","article-title":"Clinician's guide to cardiopulmonary exercise testing in adults: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"122","author":"Balady","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.08.001_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2003.07.014","article-title":"Peak VO2 and VE\/VCO2 slope in patients with heart failure: a prognostic comparison","volume":"147","author":"Arena","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.08.001_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(85)90792-1","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary exercise testing for evaluation of chronic cardiac failure","volume":"55","author":"Weber","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.08.001_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.83.3.778","article-title":"Value of peak exercise oxygen consumption for optimal timing of cardiac transplantation in ambulatory patients with heart failure","volume":"83","author":"Mancini","year":"1991","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.08.001_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2769","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.91.11.2769","article-title":"Reduced alveolar-capillary membrane diffusing capacity in chronic heart failure. Its pathophysiological relevance and relationship to exercise performance","volume":"91","author":"Puri","year":"1995","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.08.001_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.100.13.1406","article-title":"Impaired pulmonary diffusion during exercise in patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"100","author":"Smith","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.08.001_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s11936-017-0585-8","article-title":"Therapeutic targets for the multi-system pathophysiology of heart failure: exercise training","volume":"19","author":"Van Iterson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.08.001_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejheart.2004.10.009","article-title":"Alveolar\u2010capillary membrane conductance is the best pulmonary function correlate of exercise ventilation efficiency in heart failure patients","volume":"7","author":"Guazzi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.08.001_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13063","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.13063","article-title":"Exercise on-transition uncoupling of ventilatory, gas exchange and cardiac hemodynamic kinetics accompany pulmonary oxygen stores depletion to impact exercise intolerance in human heart failure","volume":"223","author":"Van Iterson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Physiol (Oxf)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.08.001_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1951.4.2.102","article-title":"Analysis of factors affecting partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in gas and blood of lungs; methods","volume":"4","author":"Riley","year":"1951","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.08.001_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1951.4.2.77","article-title":"Analysis of factors affecting partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in gas and blood of lungs; theory","volume":"4","author":"Riley","year":"1951","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.08.001_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1973.34.6.859","article-title":"Validation of open-circuit method for the determination of oxygen consumption","volume":"34","author":"Wagner","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.08.001_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1973.35.1.85","article-title":"Adequacy of the Haldane transformation in the computation of exercise VO2 in man","volume":"35","author":"Wilmore","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.08.001_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1986.60.5.1590","article-title":"Pulmonary gas exchange in humans during exercise at sea level","volume":"60","author":"Hammond","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.08.001_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.913","article-title":"Physiological dead space and arterial carbon dioxide contributions to exercise ventilatory inefficiency in patients with reduced or preserved ejection fraction heart failure","volume":"19","author":"Van Iterson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.08.001_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehi060","article-title":"Exercise ventilation inefficiency and cardiovascular mortality in heart failure: the critical independent prognostic value of the arterial CO2 partial pressure","volume":"26","author":"Guazzi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.08.001_bib0017","first-page":"678","article-title":"Pulmonary gas exchange on the summit of Mount Everest","volume":"55","author":"West","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.08.001_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01466272","article-title":"Exercise-induced hypoxemia in athletes: role of inadequate hyperventilation","volume":"65","author":"Powers","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.08.001_bib0019","first-page":"376","article-title":"The alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient in young and elderly men during air and oxygen breathing","volume":"97","author":"Kanber","year":"1968","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.08.001_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2016.06.004","article-title":"The alveolar to arterial oxygen partial pressure difference is associated with pulmonary diffusing capacity in heart failure patients","volume":"233","author":"Morosin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.08.001_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw128","volume":"37","author":"Ponikowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.08.001_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2016.01.011","article-title":"Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging","volume":"29","author":"Nagueh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.08.001_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jex244","volume":"18","author":"Galderisi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.08.001_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00034805","article-title":"Standardisation of spirometry","volume":"26","author":"Miller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.08.001_bib0025","first-page":"659","article-title":"Reference spirometric values using techniques and equipment that meet ATS recommendations 1\u20133","volume":"123","author":"Crapo","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.08.001_bib0026","first-page":"185","article-title":"Standardized single breath normal values for carbon monoxide diffusing capacity 1\u20133","volume":"123","author":"Crapo","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.08.001_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00016-2016","article-title":"2017 ERS\/ATS standards for single-breath carbon monoxide uptake in the lung","volume":"49","author":"Graham","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.08.001_bib0028","first-page":"579","article-title":"Comparison of physiologic dead space\/tidal volume ratio and alveolar-arterial PO2 difference during incremental and constant work exercise","volume":"126","author":"Furuike","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.08.001_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.160.2.9811062","article-title":"Determination of cardiac output by the Fick method, thermodilution, and acetylene rebreathing in pulmonary hypertension","volume":"160","author":"Hoeper","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.08.001_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31818cb278","article-title":"Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science","volume":"41","author":"Hopkins","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.08.001_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001308","article-title":"Comparisons of noninvasive methods used to assess exercise stroke volume in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"49","author":"Van Iterson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.08.001_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/78.3.691","article-title":"A note on a general definition of the coefficient of determination","volume":"78","author":"Nagelkerke","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.08.001_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)90837-8","article-title":"Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement","volume":"1","author":"Bland","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.08.001_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.112.1.155","article-title":"A power primer","volume":"112","author":"Cohen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.08.001_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2538","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehl302","article-title":"Gas diffusion and alveolar-capillary unit in chronic heart failure","volume":"27","author":"Agostoni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.08.001_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1972.33.1.62","article-title":"Effects of diffusion impairment on O2 and CO2 time courses in pulmonary capillaries","volume":"33","author":"Wagner","year":"1972","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.08.001_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1955.7.6.699","article-title":"A theoretical analysis of the alveolar-arterial O2 difference with special reference to the distribution effect","volume":"7","author":"Farhi","year":"1955","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.08.001_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00365.2004","article-title":"Improvement of alveolar-capillary membrane diffusing capacity with exercise training in chronic heart failure","volume":"97","author":"Guazzi","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.08.001_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2495","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1996.81.6.2495","article-title":"Delay time adjustments to minimize errors in breath-by-breath measurements of VO2 during exercise","volume":"81","author":"Proctor","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.08.001_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1961.16.3.507","article-title":"Variations of ventilation and diffusing capacity to perfusion determining the alveolar-arterial O2 difference: theory","volume":"16","author":"Piiper","year":"1961","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.08.001_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2017.10.021","article-title":"Use of \u201cideal\u201d alveolar air equations and corrected end-tidal PCO2 to estimate arterial PCO2 and physiological dead space during exercise in patients with heart failure","volume":"250","author":"Van Iterson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.08.001_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13476","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.13476","article-title":"Alveolar air and oxidative metabolic demand during exercise in healthy adults: the role of single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the beta2AR gene","volume":"5","author":"van Iterson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.08.001_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3115","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S142523","article-title":"Alveolar-capillary reserve during exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"12","author":"Behnia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.08.001_bib0044","first-page":"1662","article-title":"Breath-by-breath measurement of true alveolar gas exchange","volume":"51","author":"Beaver","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.08.001_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfr017","article-title":"Exercise training in heart failure: from theory to practice. A consensus document of the Heart Failure Association and the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation","volume":"13","author":"Piepoli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.08.001_bib0046","series-title":"The acid-base status of the blood","author":"Siggaard-Andersen","year":"1974"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.08.001_bib0047","first-page":"599","article-title":"Simple, accurate equations for human blood O2 dissociation computations","volume":"46","author":"Severinghaus","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cardiac Failure"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1071916418308832?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1071916418308832?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T06:42:45Z","timestamp":1761028965000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1071916418308832"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S1071916418308832"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.08.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["1071-9164"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1071-9164","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Alveolar Air and O2 Uptake During Exercise in Patients With Heart Failure","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Cardiac Failure","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.08.001","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}