{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T01:00:43Z","timestamp":1781571643008,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]],"date-time":"2018-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543622400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006338","name":"Vlaamse Interuniversitaire Raad","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["ZRDC2014MP081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZRDC2014MP081"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006338","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006338","name":"Vlaamse Interuniversitaire Raad","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["CD2017TEA439A104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CD2017TEA439A104"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006338","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Cardiac Failure"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.10.008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,22]],"date-time":"2018-10-22T22:04:19Z","timestamp":1540245859000},"page":"854-859","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Heart Failure Etiologies and Challenges to Care in the Developing World: An Observational Study in the Democratic Republic of Congo"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8414-4447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Didier","family":"Malamba-Lez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dophra","family":"Ngoy-Nkulu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Steels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D\u00e9sir\u00e9","family":"Tshala-Katumbay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilfried","family":"Mullens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.10.008_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001699","article-title":"Heart failure care in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Callender","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.10.008_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5273(01)00497-1","article-title":"The epidemiological features of heart failure in developing countries: a review of the literature","volume":"80","author":"Mendez","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int Cardiol J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.10.008_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S6","DOI":"10.5830\/CVJA-2015-036","article-title":"Mortality from cardiovascular diseases in sub-Saharan Africa, 1990\u20132013: a systematic analysis of data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013","volume":"26","author":"Mensah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Afr J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.10.008_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2561","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.008731","article-title":"Endemic cardiovascular diseases of the poorest billion","volume":"133","author":"Kwan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.10.008_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpcardio1281","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease in sub-Saharan Africa: a complex picture demanding a multifaceted response","volume":"5","author":"Vedanthan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.10.008_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31660-9","article-title":"The heart of Africa: succeeding against the odds","volume":"388","author":"Sliwa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.10.008_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142194","article-title":"Chronic diseases in north-west Tanzania and southern Uganda. public perceptions of terminologies, aetiologies, symptoms and preferred management","volume":"10","author":"Nnko","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.10.008_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182876","article-title":"\u201cI think my body has become addicted to those tablets.\u201d Chronic heart failure patients\u2019 understanding of and beliefs about their illness and its treatment: A qualitative longitudinal study from Uganda","volume":"12","author":"Namukwaya","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.10.008_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2013.04.060","article-title":"Heart failure beliefs and self-care adherence while being treated in an emergency department","volume":"46","author":"Albert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.10.008_bib0010","series-title":"The Minnesota code manual of electrocardiographic findings: standards and procedures for measurement and classification","author":"Prineas","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.10.008_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jew082","article-title":"Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging","volume":"17","author":"Nagueh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.10.008_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jev014","article-title":"Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging","volume":"16","author":"Lang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.10.008_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2360","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.786244","article-title":"Predominance of heart failure in the Heart of Soweto study cohort: emerging challenges for urban African communities","volume":"118","author":"Stewart","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.10.008_bib0014","first-page":"31","article-title":"Causes of congestive heart failure in black patients at King Edward VIII Hospital, Durban","volume":"2","author":"Maharaj","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cardiovasc J S Afr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.10.008_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2012.3310","article-title":"The causes, treatment, and outcome of acute heart failure in 1006 Africans from 9 countries","volume":"172","author":"Damasceno","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.10.008_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.030","article-title":"Heart failure in sub-Saharan Africa: time for action","volume":"50","author":"Damasceno","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.10.008_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2013.03.006","article-title":"A simplified echocardiographic strategy for heart failure diagnosis and management within an integrated noncommunicable disease clinic at district hospital level for sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"1","author":"Kwan","year":"2013","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.10.008_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-011-0485-7","article-title":"Comparative soil metal analyses in Sudbury (Ontario, Canada) and Lubumbashi (Katanga, DR-Congo)","volume":"88","author":"Narendrula","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bull Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.10.008_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2009.04.012","article-title":"High human exposure to cobalt and other metals in Katanga, a mining area of the Democratic Republic of Congo","volume":"109","author":"Banza","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.10.008_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.05.014","article-title":"Pathways of human exposure to cobalt in Katanga, a mining area of the Congo DR","volume":"490","author":"Cheyns","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.10.008_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2009.09.041","article-title":"Neglected cardiovascular diseases in africa. challenges and opportunities","volume":"55","author":"Mocumbi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.10.008_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2018.06.013","article-title":"Concurrent exposure to heavy metals and cognition in school-age children in Congo-Kinshasa: a complex overdue research agenda","author":"Bora","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.10.008_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-012-9320-4","article-title":"Obesity cardiomyopathy and systolic function: Obesity is not independently associated with dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"18","author":"Khan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Heart Fail Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.10.008_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2004.08.005","article-title":"Characteristics and outcomes of patients hospitalized for heart failure in the United States: rationale, design, and preliminary observations from the first 100,000 cases in the Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry (ADHERE)","volume":"149","author":"Adams","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.10.008_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2017.09.014","article-title":"Contemporary epidemiology, management, and outcomes of patients hospitalized for heart failure in China: results from the China Heart Failure (China-HF) registry","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.10.008_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2725","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehl193","article-title":"EuroHeart Failure Survey II (EHFS II): a survey on hospitalized acute heart failure patients: description of population","volume":"27","author":"Nieminen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.10.008_bib0027","unstructured":"United Nations Development Programme. Human development report 2016. 2016. http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2016_human_development_report.pdf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.10.008_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732307307864","article-title":"Dilemma with the local perception of causes of illnesses in central Africa: muted concept but prevalent in everyday life","volume":"17","author":"Sabuni","year":"2007","journal-title":"Qual Health Res"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cardiac Failure"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1071916418311278?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1071916418311278?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,5]],"date-time":"2018-12-05T18:22:09Z","timestamp":1544034129000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1071916418311278"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S1071916418311278"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.10.008","relation":{},"ISSN":["1071-9164"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1071-9164","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}}}