{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T11:52:49Z","timestamp":1791373969511,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","onlinejcf.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Cardiac Failure"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T14:59:51Z","timestamp":1788533991000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Body Composition in Heart Failure: A Phenotype-Informed Framework for Assessment and Management"],"prefix":"10.1016","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2091-1911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"CAMILLA C.S.","family":"VAN\u202fDER\u202fHOEF","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JOZINE M.","family":"TER\u202fMAATEN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"LAURA M.G.","family":"MEEMS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5000-8359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"THOMAS M.","family":"GORTER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JASPER","family":"TROMP","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"DIRK J.","family":"VAN\u202fVELDHUISEN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5417-4415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"ADRIAAN A.","family":"VOORS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23020786","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome: updates on pathophysiology and management in 2021","volume":"23","author":"Fahed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2018.06.004","article-title":"Overview of epidemiology and contribution of obesity and body fat distribution to cardiovascular disease: an update","volume":"61","author":"Pich\u00e9","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2023.05.003","article-title":"Heart failure and obesity: the latest pandemic","volume":"78","author":"Aryee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2022.11.013","article-title":"Updates on obesity and the obesity paradox in cardiovascular diseases","volume":"78","author":"Tutor","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2023-322797","article-title":"Obesity paradox is still alive in heart failure","volume":"109","author":"Lavie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2023-322459","article-title":"Body mass index and survival in people with heart failure","volume":"109","author":"Jones","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.1999.00389.x","article-title":"Influence of excess weight on mortality and hospital stay in 1346 hemodialysis patients","volume":"55","author":"Fleischmann","year":"1999","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(01)01448-6","article-title":"The relationship between obesity and mortality in patients with heart failure","volume":"38","author":"Horwich","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1244","article-title":"Waist-to-hip ratio and mortality in heart failure","volume":"20","author":"Streng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.15029","article-title":"Relationship between waist-to-height ratio and heart failure outcome: a single-centre prospective cohort study","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad083","article-title":"Anthropometric measures and adverse outcomes in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: revisiting the obesity paradox","volume":"44","author":"Butt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12702","article-title":"Prognostic impact of muscle and fat mass in patients with heart failure","volume":"12","author":"Konishi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopen Musc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.9434","article-title":"Extracellular fluid volume as a key indicator in home-care management of chronic heart failure: the role of nutritional and exercise therapy","volume":"12","author":"Shida","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.316101","article-title":"Obesity phenotypes, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases","volume":"126","author":"Pich\u00e9","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2020.02.002","article-title":"Visceral fat: culprit or canary?","volume":"49","author":"Jensen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13820","article-title":"Epicardial fat in heart failure: friend, foe, or bystander","volume":"25","author":"Paterek","year":"2024","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2024.07.016","article-title":"Heart failure and obesity: unraveling molecular mechanisms of excess adipose tissue","volume":"84","author":"Dronkers","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2019.00110","article-title":"Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and adipose tissue: a story of two tales","volume":"6","author":"Oh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1956","article-title":"Regional adiposity and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"22","author":"Rao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002711","DOI":"10.1136\/openhrt-2024-002711","article-title":"Adiposity, fat-free mass and incident heart failure in 500 000 individuals","volume":"11","author":"Oguntade","year":"2024","journal-title":"Open Heart"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0021","article-title":"Do obesity and visceral adiposity promote heart failure with reduced ejection fraction?","author":"Packer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2026.02.5083","article-title":"Obesity and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: a review","volume":"87","author":"Khan","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpaic.2024.03.014","article-title":"Organization and composition of body fluids","volume":"25","author":"Henderson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anaesthes Intens Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-020-0379-7","article-title":"Congestion in heart failure: a contemporary look at physiology, diagnosis and treatment","volume":"17","author":"Boorsma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.05.034","article-title":"Congestion and decongestion assessment in heart failure: pressure, volume, or both?","volume":"11","author":"Biegus","year":"2023","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1115","article-title":"Congestion in acute heart failure with reduced vs. preserved left ventricular ejection fraction: differences, similarities and remaining gaps","volume":"20","author":"Bistola","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejheart.2007.06.003","article-title":"Differences in arterial compliance, microvascular function and venous capacitance between patients with heart failure and either preserved or reduced left ventricular systolic function","volume":"9","author":"Balmain","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.23970","article-title":"Prevalence of sarcopenia and its association with clinical outcomes in heart failure: An updated meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"46","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.01.072","article-title":"Exercise intolerance in patients with heart failure: JACC State-of-the-Art Review","volume":"73","author":"Del Buono","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2012.01.013","article-title":"The obesity paradox, cardiorespiratory fitness, and coronary heart disease","volume":"87","author":"McAuley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2012.11.020","article-title":"Impact of cardiorespiratory fitness on the obesity paradox in patients with heart failure","volume":"88","author":"Lavie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.064071","article-title":"Sarcopenia and cardiovascular diseases","volume":"147","author":"Damluji","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2021.1348","article-title":"Quality matters as much as quantity of skeletal muscle: clinical implications of myosteatosis in cardiometabolic health","volume":"36","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab (Seoul)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003027","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.116.003027","article-title":"Skeletal muscle alterations are exacerbated in heart failure with reduced compared with preserved ejection fraction: mediated by circulating cytokines?","volume":"9","author":"Seiler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.120.007198","article-title":"Skeletal muscle function, structure, and metabolism in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"13","author":"Bekfani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1149065","article-title":"Locomotor and respiratory muscle abnormalities in HFrEF and HFpEF","volume":"10","author":"Mangner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2021.111464","article-title":"Anthropometry as a readily accessible health assessment of older adults","volume":"153","author":"Padilla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-69498-7","article-title":"The performance of anthropometric tools to determine obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Sommer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980012002741","article-title":"Measurement error of waist circumference: gaps in knowledge","volume":"16","author":"Verweij","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pub Health Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2009.87","article-title":"Variability in waist circumference measurements according to anatomic measurement site","volume":"17","author":"Mason","year":"2009","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2848","article-title":"Natriuretic peptides: role in the diagnosis and management of heart failure: a scientific statement from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology, Heart Failure Society of America and Japanese Heart Failure Society","volume":"25","author":"Tsutsui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s43044-023-00401-1","article-title":"Effect of body mass index on N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide values in patients with heart failure","volume":"75","author":"Ha Manh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Egypt Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1437","article-title":"Bio-adrenomedullin as a marker of congestion in patients with new-onset and worsening heart failure","volume":"21","author":"ter Maaten","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1080\/10408363.2018.1460576","article-title":"Novel heart failure biomarkers: why do we fail to exploit their potential?","volume":"55","author":"Piek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2019.03.006","article-title":"Lean mass abnormalities in heart failure: the role of sarcopenia, sarcopenic obesity, and Cachexia","volume":"45","author":"Carbone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Probl Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0046","article-title":"How unmeasured muscle mass affects estimated GFR and diagnostic inaccuracy","volume":"29\u201330","author":"Nankivell","year":"2020","journal-title":"E Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1053\/euhj.1998.1446","article-title":"Cytokines and neurohormones relating to body composition alterations in the wasting syndrome of chronic heart failure","volume":"20","author":"Anker","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.12968\/hmed.2016.77.6.362","article-title":"The interplay between heart failure, metabolism and body composition","volume":"77","author":"McAloon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Hosp Med (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.96.2.526","article-title":"Hormonal changes and catabolic\/anabolic imbalance in chronic heart failure and their importance for cardiac cachexia","volume":"96","author":"Anker","year":"1997","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2013.08.020","article-title":"The official positions of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry: indications of use and reporting of DXA for body composition","volume":"16","author":"Kendler","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Densitom"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.122.029062","article-title":"Body composition and risk of incident heart failure in 1 million adults: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies","volume":"12","author":"Oguntade","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.12372","article-title":"Body composition and functional assessment of nutritional status in adults: a narrative review of imaging, impedance, strength and functional techniques","volume":"29","author":"Smith","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Hum Nutr Diet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S9454","article-title":"Imaging body composition in obesity and weight loss: challenges and opportunities","volume":"3","author":"Silver","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.11.028","article-title":"Current technologies in body composition assessment: advantages and disadvantages","volume":"62","author":"Ceniccola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/jim-2018-000722","article-title":"Advanced body composition assessment: from body mass index to body composition profiling","volume":"66","author":"Borga","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Investig Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E842","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00361.2003","article-title":"Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry lean soft tissue hydration: independent contributions of intra- and extracellular water","volume":"287","author":"St-Onge","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607114550189","article-title":"Lean tissue imaging: a new era for nutritional assessment and intervention","volume":"38","author":"Prado","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Parenter Enteral Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0058","article-title":"Association between changes in bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) parameter and the clinical outcomes in patients with acute heart failure","volume":"38","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0059","article-title":"The usefulness of bioelectrical impedance as a marker of fluid status in patients with congestive heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Hanna","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/cpf.12152","article-title":"Contemporary methods of body composition measurement","volume":"35","author":"Fosb\u00f8l","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Physiol Funct Imag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031","article-title":"21st century advances in multimodality imaging of obesity for care of the cardiovascular patient","volume":"14","author":"Neeland","year":"2021","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Imag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2023.06.023","article-title":"Noninvasive imaging methods for quantification of pulmonary edema and congestion: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Lindow","year":"2023","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Imag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.5152\/dir.2020.19673","article-title":"Congestive hepatopathy: the role of the radiologist in the diagnosis","volume":"26","author":"Morales","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diagn Interv Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15420\/cfr.2022.29","article-title":"Defining heart failure based on imaging the heart and beyond","volume":"9","author":"Graham","year":"2023","journal-title":"Card Fail Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0065","first-page":"389","article-title":"Bedside ultrasound measurement of skeletal muscle","volume":"17","author":"Mourtzakis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0066","first-page":"575","article-title":"Non-invasive imaging in acute decompensated heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"13","author":"Dhont","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s13089-024-00396-z","article-title":"Decoding VExUS: a practical guide for excelling in point-of-care ultrasound assessment of venous congestion","volume":"16","author":"Assavapokee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ultrasound J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.21037\/qims-19-1048","article-title":"Ultrasound imaging, a stethoscope for body composition assessment","volume":"10","author":"Ponti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Quant Imaging Med Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0069","first-page":"615","article-title":"The effect of physical fitness on body fat","volume":"9","author":"Prabowo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Human Movement Sports Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0800741","article-title":"Body mass index and percent body fat: a meta analysis among different ethnic groups","volume":"22","author":"Deurenberg","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-014-9915-y","article-title":"Skeletal muscle: a brief review of structure and function","volume":"96","author":"Frontera","year":"2015","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003915","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.117.003915","article-title":"Impact of incident heart failure on body composition over time in the health, aging, and body composition study population","volume":"10","author":"Forman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18111726","article-title":"Potential implications of body mass composition changes in heart failure patients in the era of SGLT2i, GLP-1 RA, and GIP\/GLP-1 RA","volume":"18","author":"Gryglewska-Wawrzak","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2536","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13596","article-title":"Prognostic impact and prevalence of cachexia in patients with heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Prokopidis","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Cachex Sarcopen Musc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2008.02.014","article-title":"Body mass index and mortality in heart failure: a meta-analysis","volume":"156","author":"Oreopoulos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.12.068","article-title":"Obesity and cardiovascular disease: risk factor, paradox, and impact of weight loss","volume":"53","author":"Lavie","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e984","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000973","article-title":"Obesity and cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"143","author":"Powell-Wiley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwae279","article-title":"Obesity and cardiovascular disease: an ESC clinical consensus statement","volume":"32","author":"Koskinas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.124.011518","article-title":"Anti-obesity medications in patients with heart failure: current evidence and practical guidance","volume":"17","author":"Harrington","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-024-01533-3","article-title":"The effect of obesity pharmacotherapy on body composition, including muscle mass","volume":"49","author":"Argyrakopoulou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2410027","article-title":"Tirzepatide for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and obesity","volume":"392","author":"Packer","year":"2025","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2306963","article-title":"Semaglutide in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and obesity","volume":"389","author":"Kosiborod","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2465","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.70082","article-title":"Pharmacological treatment for patients with obesity and heart failure: focus on glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists. European Journal of Heart Failure expert consensus document","volume":"27","author":"Monzo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.74","article-title":"Decongestion in acute heart failure","volume":"16","author":"Mentz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2016.03.004","article-title":"Treating hemodynamic congestion is the key to prevent heart failure hospitalizations","volume":"4","author":"Klein","year":"2016","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00923-6","article-title":"Remote haemodynamic monitoring of pulmonary artery pressures in patients with chronic heart failure (MONITOR-HF): a randomised clinical trial","volume":"401","author":"Brugts","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0087","article-title":"Current pharmacological and non-pharmacological decongestion strategies in acute heart failure: evidence and practical guidance","volume":"10","author":"Zonneveld","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1080\/17434440.2023.2196400","article-title":"The CardioMEMS Heart Failure System for chronic heart failure: a European perspective","volume":"20","author":"Radhoe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Rev Med Devices"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.121.009322","article-title":"Current approach to the diagnosis of sarcopenia in heart failure: a narrative review on the role of clinical and imaging assessments","volume":"15","author":"Mirzai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1002\/jpen.2366","article-title":"Guidance for assessment of the muscle mass phenotypic criterion for the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition diagnosis of malnutrition","volume":"46","author":"Compher","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Parenter Enteral Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2013.01.006","article-title":"Impact of obesity and the obesity paradox on prevalence and prognosis in heart failure","volume":"1","author":"Lavie","year":"2013","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.05.037","article-title":"Body composition and survival in stable coronary heart disease: impact of lean mass index and body fat in the \u201cobesity paradox\u201d","volume":"60","author":"Lavie","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2023.04.001","article-title":"Skeletal muscle atrophy, regeneration, and dysfunction in heart failure: Impact of exercise training","volume":"12","author":"Gallagher","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Sport Health Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-024-05120-y","article-title":"Therapeutic applications and challenges in myostatin inhibition for enhanced skeletal muscle mass and functions","volume":"480","author":"Wetzlich","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.15135","article-title":"Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) effects on physical performance: a systematic review of randomized control trials","volume":"102","author":"Wen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018_bib0096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1097\/HCR.0b013e3182642688","article-title":"Effects of muscular strength on cardiovascular risk factors and prognosis","volume":"32","author":"Artero","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cardiac Failure"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1071916426005166?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1071916426005166?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T11:14:48Z","timestamp":1791371688000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1071916426005166"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":96,"alternative-id":["S1071916426005166"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018","relation":{},"ISSN":["1071-9164"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1071-9164","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Body Composition in Heart Failure: A Phenotype-Informed Framework for Assessment and Management","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Cardiac Failure","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cardfail.2026.08.018","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}