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This article presents and discusses the embryologic basis of parathyroid gland and ectopic location and different imaging modalities helpful in diagnosing and localizing parathyroid adenomas and\/or hyperplasia. We also aim to review the current surgical concepts in treatment of parathyroid adenomas and\/or hyperplasia, the utility of 4-dimensional computed tomography for accurate preoperative localization of hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands, imaging classification of adenomas and\/or hyperplasia, and, finally, present some of the limitations of 4-dimensional computed tomography.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carj.2012.03.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,22]],"date-time":"2012-12-22T02:00:54Z","timestamp":1356141654000},"page":"258-268","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Preoperative Localization of Parathyroid Adenomas Using 4-Dimensional Computed Tomography: A Pictorial Essay"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Shehanaz","family":"Ellika","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Division of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suresh","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Henry Ford Health Systems, Detroit, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Todd","family":"Aho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Henry Ford Health Systems, Detroit, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Horia","family":"Marin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Henry Ford Health Systems, Detroit, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-j.carj.2012.03.002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2005.06.001"},{"key":"bibr2-j.carj.2012.03.002","first-page":"333","volume":"69","author":"Taniegra E.D.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"bibr3-j.carj.2012.03.002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2003.07.009"},{"key":"bibr4-j.carj.2012.03.002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1359\/JBMR.050910"},{"key":"bibr5-j.carj.2012.03.002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.12-6-644"},{"key":"bibr6-j.carj.2012.03.002","first-page":"581","volume":"243","author":"van Vroohoven T.J.","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"bibr7-j.carj.2012.03.002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2004.10.005"},{"key":"bibr8-j.carj.2012.03.002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-7404(03)00041-0"},{"key":"bibr9-j.carj.2012.03.002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.06.0938"},{"key":"bibr10-j.carj.2012.03.002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2006.07.028"},{"key":"bibr11-j.carj.2012.03.002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.08.2098"},{"key":"bibr12-j.carj.2012.03.002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2008.02.003"},{"key":"bibr13-j.carj.2012.03.002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2007.12.044"},{"key":"bibr14-j.carj.2012.03.002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2104"},{"key":"bibr15-j.carj.2012.03.002","unstructured":"SadlerT.W. 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