{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T18:49:24Z","timestamp":1793818164200,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":147,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013312","name":"Pingdingshan University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["242301420118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["242301420118"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013312","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013312","name":"Pingdingshan University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["252102521091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["252102521091"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013312","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013312","name":"Pingdingshan University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024ZY3115"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024ZY3115"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013312","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013312","name":"Pingdingshan University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021GGJS147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021GGJS147"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013312","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Carbohydrate Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T15:20:21Z","timestamp":1780759221000},"page":"110000","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Anti-type 2 diabetes mellitus mechanisms and structural characteristics of polysaccharides: A review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"567","author":[{"given":"Yuanhao","family":"Qiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yufei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anning","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenxi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruixi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liren","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinhua","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiwei","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huashan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.08.007","article-title":"Pancreatic beta cell regeneration as a possible therapy for diabetes","volume":"27","author":"Aguayo-Mazzucato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.133466","article-title":"Advances in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus by natural plant polysaccharides through regulation of gut microbiota and metabolism: a review","volume":"274","author":"Chuanboding","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2017.11.012","article-title":"Dietary triterpenes in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: to date","volume":"72","author":"Teng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2016.02.040","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying the effect of polysaccharides in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a review","volume":"144","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11202722","article-title":"Recent updates on phytoconstituent alpha-glucosidase inhibitors: an approach towards the treatment of type two diabetes","volume":"11","author":"Kashtoh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plants"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14010166","article-title":"Gut microbiota and complications of Type-2 diabetes","volume":"14","author":"Iatcu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fshw.2023.03.017","article-title":"Review on mechanisms and structure-activity relationship of hypoglycemic effects of polysaccharides from natural resources","volume":"12","author":"Ji","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Sci. Hum. Wellness"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2016.08.009","article-title":"Controversy of oral hypoglycemic agents in type 2 diabetes mellitus: novel move towards combination therapies","volume":"11","author":"Ghadge","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Metabol. Syndr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.072","article-title":"Polysaccharides from Chinese herbal medicine for anti-diabetes recent advances","volume":"121","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carres.2025.109583","article-title":"Unraveling the link between structural properties of polysaccharides and anti-inflammatory activity: a review","volume":"555","author":"Qiu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.126199","article-title":"Research progress on the hypoglycemic activity and mechanisms of natural polysaccharides","volume":"252","author":"Xue","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4490","DOI":"10.1039\/D3FO00991B","article-title":"Current progress in the hypoglycemic mechanisms of natural polysaccharides","volume":"14","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2025.105074","article-title":"Dietary polysaccharides as gut health regulators: structural characteristics and regulatory mechanism","volume":"161","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib14","article-title":"Plant polysaccharides: sources, structures, and antidiabetic effects","volume":"51","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Food Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/cph4.70003","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus: a comprehensive review of pathophysiology, comorbidities, and emerging therapies","volume":"15","author":"Singh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-025-01114-y","article-title":"Insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"21","author":"Accili","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.2020.1771047","article-title":"Beta-cell failure in type 2 diabetes: mechanisms, markers, and clinical implications","volume":"132","author":"Wysham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18642","article-title":"The genetic architecture of type 2 diabetes","volume":"536","author":"Fuchsberger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.109138","article-title":"Research progress in the relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus and intestinal flora","volume":"117","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.17925\/EE.2023.19.1.46","article-title":"Epigenetics of the pathogenesis and complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"19","author":"Mannar","year":"2023","journal-title":"touchREV Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0806470","article-title":"10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes","volume":"359","author":"Holman","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E268","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00314.2018","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus: an organ-based analysis","volume":"316","author":"Pinti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1161521","article-title":"Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus: connections in epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatments","volume":"14","author":"Ruze","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15194202","article-title":"Physical activity and type 2 diabetes: in search of a personalized approach to improving beta-cell function","volume":"15","author":"Di Murro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2023.2293254","article-title":"Advances in dietary polysaccharides as hypoglycemic agents: mechanisms, structural characteristics, and innovative applications","volume":"65","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib26","article-title":"Structural elucidation, modification, and structure-activity relationship of polysaccharides in Chinese herbs: a review","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2020.128148","article-title":"Characterization and hypoglycemic effects of sulfated polysaccharides derived from brown seaweed Undaria pinnatifida","volume":"341","author":"Zhong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.117190","article-title":"Structure characteristics, hypoglycemic and immunomodulatory activities of pectic polysaccharides from rosa setate x Rosa rugosa waste","volume":"253","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.243","article-title":"Physicochemical properties of polysaccharide fractions from Sargassum fusiforme and their hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities in type 2 diabetic rats","volume":"147","author":"Jia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.096","article-title":"Physicochemical characterization and in vitro hypoglycemic activities of polysaccharides from Sargassum pallidum by microwave-assisted aqueous two-phase extraction","volume":"109","author":"Cao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-57486-w","article-title":"Anti-diabetic activity of crude polysaccharide and rhamnose-enriched polysaccharide from G. lithophila on Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced in Wistar rats","volume":"10","author":"Seedevi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2025.147066","article-title":"Correlation analysis of monosaccharide composition and in vitro antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities of Tremella fuciformis spore polysaccharides","volume":"498","author":"Chen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3974","DOI":"10.1039\/C8FO00561C","article-title":"Structural characterization of a novel acidic polysaccharide from Rosa roxburghii tratt fruit and its alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.127200","article-title":"Structural characterization, and in vitro hypoglycemic activity of a polysaccharide from the mushroom Cantharellus yunnanensis","volume":"253","author":"Tian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-018-2750-2","article-title":"Isolation and structural characterization of a second polysaccharide from bulbs of Lanzhou Lily","volume":"186","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.13092","article-title":"Purification, characterization, and bioactivity of two new polysaccharide fractions from Thelephora ganbajun mushroom","volume":"44","author":"Gong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.021","article-title":"Hypoglycemic effects and mechanism of different molecular weights of konjac glucomannans in type 2 diabetic rats","volume":"165","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8586","DOI":"10.1039\/D4FO01989J","article-title":"The effect of the molecular weight of blackberry polysaccharides on gut microbiota modulation and hypoglycemic effect in vivo","volume":"15","author":"Xi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2025.124830","article-title":"Molecular mechanism and structure-activity relationships of natural source polysaccharides in intervening type 2 diabetes mellitus through antioxidant effects: a systematic review","volume":"377","author":"Yang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.127955","article-title":"Effect of monosaccharide composition and proportion on the bioactivity of polysaccharides: a review","volume":"254","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.217","article-title":"Characterization of Anoectochilus roxburghii polysaccharide and its therapeutic effect on type 2 diabetic mice","volume":"179","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27134192","article-title":"Structural characteristics, antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities of polysaccharide from Siraitia grosvenorii","volume":"27","author":"Gong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1938","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5b06103","article-title":"A polysaccharide from Ganoderma atrum improves liver function in type 2 diabetic rats via antioxidant action and short-chain fatty acids excretion","volume":"64","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2013.12.024","article-title":"Comparison of hypoglycemic and antioxidative effects of polysaccharides from four different dendrobium species","volume":"64","author":"Pan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"issue":"33","key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8624","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2025.2505240","article-title":"Systematic review of hypoglycemic polysaccharides: sources, preparation, and identification techniques, evaluation models, structure-activity relationships, and mechanistic insights","volume":"65","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.142885","article-title":"Influence of different bond types and polymerization degrees of glucose polymers on the fermentation of Inonotus obliquus for the production of hypoglycemic activity polysaccharides","volume":"309","author":"Yan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2026.123458","article-title":"The structural-activity relationship of natural polysaccharides in the treatment of diabetes and its complications: from molecular mechanism to application strategy","volume":"247","author":"Guo","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ind. Crop. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.142654","article-title":"Structural characterization and hypoglycemic activity of a polysaccharide from imperatae Rhizoma","volume":"308","author":"Mi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-026-68542-w","article-title":"1,3-and 1,4-linked polysaccharides uptake in intestinal cells relies on clathrin\/dynamin 1\/Rab5-dependent endocytosis","volume":"17","author":"Liao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2025.123290","article-title":"The structures of two polysaccharides from Fructus Corni and their protective effect on insulin resistance","volume":"353","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.207","article-title":"Structure and hypoglycemic activity of a novel exopolysaccharide of Cordyceps militaris","volume":"166","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.129","article-title":"Ultrafiltration isolation, hypoglycemic activity analysis and structural characterization of polysaccharides from Brasenia schreberi","volume":"135","author":"Feng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2020.104311","article-title":"Effect of dietary supplementation with oat \u03b2-glucan for 3 months in subjects with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial","volume":"77","author":"Pino","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Funct.Foods."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2023.103007","article-title":"Optimizing extraction, structural characterization, and in vitro hypoglycemic activity of a novel polysaccharide component from Lentinus edodes","volume":"55","author":"Xia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4771","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.17243","article-title":"Structural characterization and hypoglycemic effect of polysaccharides of Polygonatum sibiricum","volume":"89","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202000367","article-title":"Physicochemical characterization of hizikia fusiforme polysaccharide and its hypoglycemic activity via mediating insulin-stimulated blood glucose utilization of skeletal muscle in type 2 diabetic rats","volume":"17","author":"Jia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2024.104182","article-title":"The regulatory mechanism of natural polysaccharides in type 2 diabetes mellitus treatment","volume":"29","author":"Bo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00063.2017","article-title":"Mechanisms of insulin action and insulin resistance","volume":"98","author":"Petersen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232315330","article-title":"The PI3K\/Akt pathway in meta-inflammation","volume":"23","author":"Acosta-Martinez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01073-0","article-title":"Trends in insulin resistance: insights into mechanisms and therapeutic strategy","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Targeted Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.27173","article-title":"The PI3K\/AKT pathway in obesity and type 2 diabetes","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8152","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.27603","article-title":"Insulin resistance: review of the underlying molecular mechanisms","volume":"234","author":"Yaribeygi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2021.0280","article-title":"Insulin resistance: from mechanisms to therapeutic strategies","volume":"46","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. J."},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168590","article-title":"Insulin signal transduction perturbations in insulin resistance","volume":"22","author":"Khalid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2019.01.101","article-title":"Dendrobium huoshanense polysaccharide regulates hepatic glucose homeostasis and pancreatic beta-cell function in type 2 diabetic mice","volume":"211","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11973","DOI":"10.1039\/D2FO02575B","article-title":"Structural characterization of a polysaccharide from Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench (okra) and its hypoglycemic effect and mechanism on type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"13","author":"Geng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110687","article-title":"Structural characterization, hypoglycemic effects and antidiabetic mechanism of a novel polysaccharides from Polygonatum kingianum Coll. et Hemsl","volume":"131","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2015.199","article-title":"Irisin improves fatty acid oxidation and glucose utilization in type 2 diabetes by regulating the AMPK signaling pathway","volume":"40","author":"Xin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2015.08.002","article-title":"AMPK and autophagy in glucose\/glycogen metabolism","volume":"46","author":"Ha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Aspect. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2247","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.16151","article-title":"AMPK in the brain: its roles in glucose and neural metabolism","volume":"289","author":"Muraleedharan","year":"2022","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202100275","article-title":"Emerging targets in type 2 diabetes and diabetic complications","volume":"8","author":"Demir","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23275","article-title":"Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate and aldolase mediate glucose sensing by AMPK","volume":"548","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17212","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.28528","article-title":"Targeting AMPK signaling pathway by natural products for treatment of diabetes mellitus and its complications","volume":"234","author":"Joshi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-022-00640-7","article-title":"The aldolase inhibitor aldometanib mimics glucose starvation to activate lysosomal AMPK","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.14038","article-title":"trans-ferulic acid attenuates hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress and modulates glucose metabolism by activating AMPK signaling pathway in vitro","volume":"46","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib76","article-title":"Hypoglycemic effects of novel Panax notoginseng polysaccharide in mice with diet-induced obesity","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Foods."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.112838","article-title":"Antidiabetic efficacy of Trifolium alexandrinum extracts hesperetin and quercetin in ameliorating carbohydrate metabolism and activating IR and AMPK signaling in the pancreatic tissues of diabetic rats","volume":"149","author":"Abdou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib78","first-page":"7298","article-title":"Polysaccharide from Momordica charantia L. alleviates type 2 diabetes mellitus in mice by activating the IRS1\/PI3K\/Akt and AMPK signaling pathways and regulating the gut Microbiota","volume":"73","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2025.118065","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effects of anti-diabetic therapies: cytokine and chemokine modulation by metformin, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (2013-2025)","volume":"299","author":"Ullah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3151","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13118","article-title":"Andrographolide derivative AL-1 improves insulin resistance through down-regulation of NF-kappaB signalling pathway","volume":"172","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4261","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S279104","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 4 and inflammatory micro-environment of pancreatic islets in Type-2 diabetes mellitus: a therapeutic perspective","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes, Metab. Syndrome Obes. Targets Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2021.108926","article-title":"The regulation of the TLR4\/NF-kappaB and Nrf2\/HO-1 signaling pathways is involved in the inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation and oxidative reactions by morroniside in RAW 264.7 macrophages","volume":"706","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.01.014","article-title":"Natural compounds improve diabetic nephropathy by regulating the TLR4 signaling pathway","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115338","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 4: a potential therapeutic target for multiple human diseases","volume":"166","author":"Wei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.113069","article-title":"Schisandra chinensis lignans improve insulin resistance by targeting TLR4 and activating IRS-1\/PI3K\/AKT and NF-kappaB signaling pathways","volume":"142","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.123241","article-title":"Cordyceps militaris polysaccharide alleviates diabetic symptoms by regulating gut microbiota against TLR4\/NF-\u03baB pathway","volume":"230","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.126038","article-title":"Fructus mori polysaccharide alleviates diabetic symptoms by regulating intestinal microbiota and intestinal barrier against TLR4\/NF-kappaB pathway","volume":"249","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20194844","article-title":"Mitogen-activated protein kinases: functions in signal transduction and human diseases","volume":"20","author":"Tikkanen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2017.10.007","article-title":"Mitogen-Activated protein kinase regulation in hepatic metabolism","volume":"28","author":"Lawan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20354","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.AC117.000548","article-title":"Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) dynamics determine cell fate in the yeast mating response","volume":"292","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-016-2878-8","article-title":"Protein kinases: mechanisms and downstream targets in inflammation-mediated obesity and insulin resistance","volume":"426","author":"Nandipati","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.812774","article-title":"Toll-like receptor signaling and its role in cell-mediated immunity","volume":"13","author":"Duan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.2147\/ITT.S499605","article-title":"Interplay between insulin resistance and immune dysregulation in type 2 diabetes mellitus: implications for therapeutic interventions","volume":"14","author":"Berbudi","year":"2025","journal-title":"ImmunoTargets Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5039","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2022.2148090","article-title":"Shared signaling pathways and targeted therapy by natural bioactive compounds for obesity and type 2 diabetes","volume":"64","author":"Tian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2014.09.052","article-title":"Anti-diabetic effect mediated by ramulus mori polysaccharides","volume":"117","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8609213","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms linking oxidative stress and diabetes mellitus","volume":"2020","author":"Yaribeygi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2021.01.023","article-title":"Exosomes from adipose-derived stem cells alleviate the inflammation and oxidative stress via regulating Nrf2\/HO-1 axis in macrophages","volume":"165","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2017.11.021","article-title":"Chlorogenic acid prevents diabetic nephropathy by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation through modulation of the Nrf2\/HO-1 and NF-kB pathways","volume":"54","author":"Bao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2021.06.023","article-title":"Activation of Nrf2\/HO-1 signaling: an important molecular mechanism of herbal medicine in the treatment of atherosclerosis via the protection of vascular endothelial cells from oxidative stress","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.109669","article-title":"Naturally-derived diterpenoid sphaeropsidin C as an activator of Nrf2\/ARE pathway and its potential capability of relieving intracellular oxidative stress in human lung epithelial cells","volume":"121","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00285","article-title":"Mangiferin attenuates LPS\/D-GalN-Induced acute liver injury by promoting HO-1 in kupffer cells","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3221","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-016-2223-0","article-title":"Role of Nrf2\/HO-1 system in development, oxidative stress response and diseases: an evolutionarily conserved mechanism","volume":"73","author":"Loboda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10092401","article-title":"The role of HO-1 and its crosstalk with oxidative stress in cancer cell survival","volume":"10","author":"Chiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3036","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO03487A","article-title":"Hypoglycemic effect of a novel polysaccharide from Lentinus edodes on STZ-induced diabetic mice via metabolomics study and Nrf2\/HO-1 pathway","volume":"13","author":"Gong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41538-024-00359-7","article-title":"Structure characterization of Grifola frondosa polysaccharide and its effect on insulin resistance in HFD-fed mice","volume":"9","author":"Ding","year":"2025","journal-title":"npj Sci. Food."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24101906","article-title":"Polysaccharide from okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) moench) improves antioxidant capacity via PI3K\/AKT pathways and Nrf2 translocation in a type 2 diabetes model","volume":"24","author":"Liao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Molecules."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.5582\/bst.2021.01275","article-title":"Prevention and treatment strategies for type 2 diabetes based on regulating intestinal flora","volume":"15","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biosci. Trends"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines8010008","article-title":"The gut microbiome and type 2 diabetes mellitus: discussing a complex relationship","volume":"8","author":"Sikalidis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5110276","article-title":"Gut microbiota and type 2 diabetes mellitus: association, mechanism, and translational applications","volume":"2021","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v11.i1.65","article-title":"Role of natural products and intestinal flora on type 2 diabetes mellitus treatment","volume":"11","author":"Aydin","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Cases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2020.153268","article-title":"Cyclocarya paliurus polysaccharides alleviate type 2 diabetic symptoms by modulating gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids","volume":"77","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17737","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i47.17737","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota and type 2 diabetes: from mechanism insights to therapeutic perspective","volume":"20","author":"Han","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13093038","article-title":"Dietary bioactive ingredients modulating the cAMP signaling in diabetes treatment","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/162021","article-title":"Evidence for the gut microbiota short-chain fatty acids as key pathophysiological molecules improving diabetes","volume":"2014","author":"Puddu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9229","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-019-10156-y","article-title":"Relationship between gut microbiota, probiotics, and type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"103","author":"Salgaco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2018.1547268","article-title":"Using probiotics for type 2 diabetes mellitus intervention: advances, questions, and potential","volume":"60","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2016.06.014","article-title":"Probiotics for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"118","author":"Samah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0134051","article-title":"A novel TGR5 activator WB403 promotes GLP-1 secretion and preserves pancreatic beta-Cells in type 2 diabetic mice","volume":"10","author":"Zheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-023-01207-6","article-title":"Research progress on the relationship between bile acid metabolism and type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"15","author":"Hou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26094240","article-title":"Crosstalk between bile acids and intestinal epithelium: multidimensional roles of farnesoid X receptor and takeda G protein receptor 5","volume":"26","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11213406","article-title":"Antidiabetic effect of millet bran polysaccharides partially mediated via changes in gut microbiome","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4372","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO00406H","article-title":"Effect of polysaccharides from adlay seed on anti-diabetic and gut microbiota","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2022.119626","article-title":"The polysaccharides from the fruits of Lycium barbarum L. confer anti-diabetic effect by regulating gut microbiota and intestinal barrier","volume":"291","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.142294","article-title":"Structural characteristics of a polysaccharide isolated from Lactaruis volemus Fr. and its anti-diabetic effects regulated by the modulation of gut microbiota and metabolites","volume":"307","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.26599\/FSHW.2022.9250072","article-title":"Hypoglycemic mechanism of Tegillarca granosa polysaccharides on type 2 diabetic mice by altering gut microbiota and regulating the PI3K-akt signaling pathwaye","volume":"13","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Sci. Hum. Wellness"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2023.105579","article-title":"Hypoglycemic effect of polysaccharides of Dendrobium officinale compound on type 2 diabetic mice","volume":"106","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Funct.Foods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2024.140047","article-title":"Extraction of polysaccharides from Polygonum cuspidatum with activity against Type 2 diabetes via alterations in gut microbiota","volume":"470","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.130622","article-title":"The polysaccharides from seeds of Glycyrrhiza uralensis ameliorate metabolic disorders and restructure gut microbiota in type 2 diabetic mice","volume":"264","author":"Ye","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3732","DOI":"10.1039\/C7FO01346A","article-title":"Modulation of gut microbiota by mulberry fruit polysaccharide treatment of obese diabetic db\/db mice","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.160","article-title":"Hypoglycemic effects of different molecular weight konjac glucomannans via intestinal microbiota and SCFAs mediated mechanism","volume":"234","author":"Deng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crfs.2025.100977","article-title":"Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. Polysaccharide attenuates diabetes through the synergistic impact of lipid metabolism and modulating gut microbiota","volume":"10","author":"Song","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Food Sci."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16111698","article-title":"Astragalus polysaccharide modulates the gut Microbiota and metabolites of patients with type 2 diabetes in an In vitro fermentation model","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fochx.2024.101870","article-title":"In vitro digestion and fecal fermentation behaviors of exopolysaccharide from Morchella esculenta and its impacts on hypoglycemic activity via PI3K\/Akt signaling and gut microbiota modulation","volume":"24","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Chem. X"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3353","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.12488","article-title":"Effect of mussel polysaccharide on glucolipid metabolism and intestinal flora in type 2 diabetic mice","volume":"103","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1308866","article-title":"Anti-diabetic effect of red quinoa polysaccharide on type 2 diabetic mellitus mice induced by streptozotocin and high-fat diet","volume":"15","author":"Zang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.253","article-title":"Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities of Grifola frondosa polysaccharides and their relationships with the modulation of intestinal microflora in diabetic mice induced by high-fat diet and streptozotocin","volume":"153","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2023.108670","article-title":"Polysaccharides from small Black soybean alleviating type 2 diabetes via modulation of gut microbiota and serum metabolism","volume":"141","author":"Bai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27186061","article-title":"Effects of auricularia auricula polysaccharides on gut microbiota composition in type 2 diabetic mice","volume":"27","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1007\/s10126-024-10365-1","article-title":"Laminaria japonica polysaccharide regulates fatty hepatosis through bile acids and gut Microbiota in diabetes rat","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mar. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21077","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.4c06030","article-title":"Polysaccharide NAP-3 synergistically enhances the efficiency of metformin in type 2 diabetes via bile Acid\/GLP-1 axis through Gut microbiota remodeling","volume":"72","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6320","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.1987","article-title":"Inhibitors of alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase: potential linkage for whole cereal foods on prevention of hyperglycemia","volume":"8","author":"Gong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22040669","article-title":"Polyphenolic compounds and digestive enzymes: in vitro non-covalent interactions","volume":"22","author":"Martinez-Gonzalez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/life12111692","article-title":"Dietary Polyphenols as natural inhibitors of alpha-Amylase and alpha-Glucosidase","volume":"12","author":"Corkovic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-021-09773-1","article-title":"A review of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors from plants as potential candidates for the treatment of type-2 diabetes","volume":"21","author":"Dirir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytochem. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.160","article-title":"Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of a polysaccharide from Fructus Corni in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"133","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10092184","article-title":"Structure, antioxidant activity and in vitro hypoglycemic activity of a polysaccharide purified from Tricholoma matsutake","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.124109","article-title":"Structural characterization, alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity and antioxidant activity of neutral polysaccharide from apricot (Armeniaca Sibirica L. Lam) kernels","volume":"238","author":"Peng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."}],"container-title":["Carbohydrate Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0008621526001898?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0008621526001898?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T04:39:24Z","timestamp":1785904764000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0008621526001898"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":147,"alternative-id":["S0008621526001898"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000","relation":{},"ISSN":["0008-6215"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0008-6215","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Anti-type 2 diabetes mellitus mechanisms and structural characteristics of polysaccharides: A review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Carbohydrate Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110000","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"110000"}}