{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T10:25:40Z","timestamp":1793787940527,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008386","name":"Marmara \u00dcniversitesi","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FDK-2023-11060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FDK-2023-11060"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008386","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Carbohydrate Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T14:59:48Z","timestamp":1791039588000},"page":"110112","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Levan production and comparative genomic analysis of lichen-associated Bacillus licheniformis strains"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"570","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5498-2757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tunahan Irmak","family":"Ba\u015faran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2379-570X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Onur","family":"Obut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5060-6834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bar\u0131\u015f","family":"G\u00f6kals\u0131n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3767-5661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vahap","family":"Eldem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6054-8842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ebru","family":"Toksoy \u00d6ner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0737-0122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N\u00fczhet Cenk","family":"Sesal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib1","series-title":"The Book of Fructans","first-page":"3","article-title":"Fructans: the terminology","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.123800","article-title":"Co-production of levan with other high-value bioproducts: a review","volume":"235","author":"de Siqueira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2016.05.002","article-title":"Review of levan polysaccharide: from a century of past experiences to future prospects","volume":"34","author":"\u00d6ner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib4","article-title":"Production, properties and applications of levan polysaccharide","volume":"3","author":"Mummaleti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Human."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-024-04023-w","article-title":"Expanding the Horizons of levan: from microbial biosynthesis to applications and advanced detection methods","volume":"40","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202503694","article-title":"Levan polymers: biosynthesis, structural diversity, and functional applications","volume":"23","author":"Miranda\u2010Molina","year":"2026","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5407","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28145407","article-title":"Recent developments and applications of microbial levan, a versatile polysaccharide-based biopolymer","volume":"28","author":"Dom\u017ca\u0142-K\u0119dzia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-020-11088-8","article-title":"Biosynthesis and prebiotic activity of a linear levan from a new paenibacillus isolate","volume":"105","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.140252","article-title":"Bacillus spp. as microbial factories for levan and fructooligosaccharide production\u2013recent trends","volume":"300","author":"Veerapandian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8211","DOI":"10.1021\/jf058084o","article-title":"Selective production and characterization of levan by Bacillus subtilis (natto) takahashi","volume":"53","author":"Shih","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12137","article-title":"Characterization of levansucrase produced by novel Bacillus siamensis and optimization of culture condition for levan biosynthesis","volume":"8","author":"Phengnoi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3068","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-015-1475-8","article-title":"High levan production by Bacillus licheniformis NS032 using ammonium chloride as the sole nitrogen source","volume":"175","author":"Kekez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2011.05.035","article-title":"Production of levansucrase from novel honey Bacillus subtilis isolates capable of producing antiviral levans","volume":"86","author":"Esawy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3897\/oneeco.10.e158806","article-title":"Genomic insights into salt-tolerant, exopolysaccharide-producing Bacillus velezensis DTA1 isolated from coral island soil in Vietnam: implications for soil remediation","volume":"10","author":"Le","year":"2025","journal-title":"One Ecosyst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proche.2015.12.055","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of levan from moderate halophilic bacteria Bacillus licheniformis BK AG21","volume":"16","author":"Wahyuningrum","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.15015","article-title":"Fructanogenic traits in halotolerant Bacillus licheniformis OK12 and their predicted functional significance","volume":"131","author":"K\u0131rtel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-016-2264-8","article-title":"Optimization of levan production by cold-active Bacillus licheniformis ANT 179 and fructooligosaccharide synthesis by its levansucrase","volume":"181","author":"Xavier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib18","first-page":"1077","article-title":"Molecular characterization of the levansucrase gene from the endophytic sugarcane bacterium Acetobacter diazotrophicus SRT4","volume":"142","author":"Arrieta","year":"1996","journal-title":"Microbiology (N. Y.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2011.11.016","article-title":"Preparation, antioxidant and antitumor activities In Vitro of different derivatives of levan from endophytic bacterium Paenibacillus polymyxa EJS-3","volume":"50","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib20","first-page":"825","article-title":"Endophytic bacteria associated with sugarcane and its potential to suppress Sporisorium scitamineum, the causal fungal pathogen of smut disease","volume":"27","author":"Taghian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arab Univ. J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1007\/s10482-022-01760-6","article-title":"Production of a high molecular weight levan by Bacillus paralicheniformis, an industrially and agriculturally important isolate from the Buffalo grass rhizosphere","volume":"115","author":"Nasir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antonie Leeuwenhoek"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.3390\/encyclopedia2030096","article-title":"Lichen as multipartner symbiotic relationships","volume":"2","author":"Morillas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Encyclopedia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1038\/s41429-020-0321-6","article-title":"Role of symbiosis in the discovery of novel antibiotics","volume":"73","author":"Gogineni","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Antibiot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10040807","article-title":"Advances in understanding of desiccation tolerance of lichens and lichen-forming algae","volume":"10","author":"Gasulla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.623839","article-title":"The lichens' microbiota, still a mystery?","volume":"12","author":"Grimm","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s11103-016-0468-5","article-title":"New features of desiccation tolerance in the lichen photobiont Trebouxia gelatinosa are revealed by a transcriptomic approach","volume":"91","author":"Carniel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plant Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.5941\/MYCO.2014.42.4.311","article-title":"An easy, rapid, and cost-effective method for DNA extraction from various Lichen taxa and specimens suitable for analysis of fungal and algal strains","volume":"42","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"MYCOBIOLOGY"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib28","first-page":"315","article-title":"Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics","volume":"vol. 18","author":"White","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msae263","article-title":"MEGA12: molecular evolutionary genetic analysis version 12 for adaptive and green computing","volume":"41","author":"Kumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01734359","article-title":"Evolutionary trees from DNA sequences: a maximum likelihood approach","volume":"17","author":"Felsenstein","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Mol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2008.02512.x","article-title":"Nature and bioactivities of endolichenic fungi in pseudocyphellaria sp., parmotrema sp. and usnea sp. at hakgala montane forest in Sri Lanka","volume":"48","author":"Kannangara","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s12033-012-9576-x","article-title":"Effect of biofilm formation by Bacillus subtilis natto on menaquinone-7 biosynthesis","volume":"54","author":"Berenjian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2008.06369.x","article-title":"SlrR\/SlrA controls the initiation of biofilm formation in Bacillus subtilis","volume":"69","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib34","article-title":"A novel and simple method for the purification of extracellular levansucrase from Zymomonas mobilis","volume":"47","author":"Vigants","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-017-0703-z","article-title":"Effect of bacteria type and sucrose concentration on levan yield and its molecular weight","volume":"16","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Garcinu\u00f1o","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Fact."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9207","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-018-9311-z","article-title":"Levansucrase from Halomonas smyrnensis AAD6T: first halophilic GH-J clan enzyme recombinantly expressed, purified, and characterized","volume":"102","author":"Kirtel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-703X(00)00109-1","article-title":"Effectiveness of orbital shaking for the aeration of suspended bacterial cultures in square-deepwell microtiter plates","volume":"7","author":"Duetz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-022-02681-1","article-title":"Biosynthesis of levan by Halomonas elongata 153B: optimization for enhanced production and potential biological activities for pharmaceutical field","volume":"31","author":"Erdal Alt\u0131nta\u015f","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.116233","article-title":"Highly efficient preparation of functional and thermostable cellulose nanocrystals via H2SO4 intensified acetic acid hydrolysis","volume":"239","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60111a017","article-title":"Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances","volume":"28","author":"DuBois","year":"1956","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3","article-title":"A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding","volume":"72","author":"Bradford","year":"1976","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib42","article-title":"Porechop: adapter trimmer for Oxford nanopore reads (V0.2.4) (version 0.2.4)","volume":"3","author":"Wick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Github"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib43","article-title":"NanoPlot v1.46.2","volume":"39","author":"De Coster","year":"2023","journal-title":"Github"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1005595","article-title":"Unicycler: resolving bacterial genome assemblies from short and long sequencing reads","volume":"13","author":"Wick","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btz848","article-title":"GTDB-Tk: a toolkit to classify genomes with the genome taxonomy database","volume":"36","author":"Chaumeil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib46","series-title":"ggplot2. Use R!, Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis","first-page":"189","article-title":"Data analysis","author":"Wickham","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6614","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw569","article-title":"NCBI prokaryotic genome annotation pipeline","volume":"44","author":"Tatusova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5825","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msab293","article-title":"eggNOG-mapper v2: functional annotation, orthology assignments, and domain prediction at the metagenomic scale","volume":"38","author":"Cantalapiedra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W445","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks479","article-title":"dbCAN: a web resource for automated carbohydrate-active enzyme annotation","volume":"40","author":"Yin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W32","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaf334","article-title":"antiSMASH 8.0: extended gene cluster detection capabilities and analyses of chemistry, enzymology, and regulation","volume":"53","author":"Blin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1005944","article-title":"MUMmer4: a fast and versatile genome alignment system","volume":"14","author":"Mar\u00e7ais","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-12-402","article-title":"BLAST ring image generator (BRIG): simple prokaryote genome comparisons","volume":"12","author":"Alikhan","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Genom."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1010998","article-title":"GenoVi, an open-source automated circular genome visualizer for bacteria and archaea","volume":"19","author":"Cumsille","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1038\/msb.2011.75","article-title":"Fast, scalable generation of high-quality protein multiple sequence alignments using clustal omega","volume":"7","author":"Sievers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Syst. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/15.4.305","article-title":"ESPript: analysis of multiple sequence alignments in PostScript","volume":"15","author":"Gouet","year":"1999","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2017.03.008","article-title":"Microbial levan from brachybacterium Phenoliresistens: characterization and enhancement of production","volume":"57","author":"Moussa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s12896-021-00673-y","article-title":"Levan from Leuconostoc citreum BD1707: production optimization and changes in molecular weight distribution during cultivation","volume":"21","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3390\/environments5060063","article-title":"Characterization and production of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) by Bacillus pseudomycoides U10","volume":"5","author":"Solmaz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environments"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2018.12.044","article-title":"Enzymatic analysis of levan produced by lactic acid bacteria in fermented doughs","volume":"208","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2016.02.049","article-title":"Characterization of the levan produced by Paenibacillus bovis sp. Nov BD3526 and its immunological activity","volume":"144","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.963318","article-title":"Effects of monosaccharide composition on quantitative analysis of total sugar content by phenol-sulfuric acid method","volume":"9","author":"Yue","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2018.01.095","article-title":"TCA precipitation and ethanol\/HCl single-step purification evaluation: one-Dimensional gel electrophoresis, Bradford assays, spectrofluorometry and raman spectroscopy data on HSA, rnase, lysozyme-Mascots and skyline data","volume":"17","author":"Eddhif","year":"2018","journal-title":"Data Brief"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2463","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23052463","article-title":"Effect of irradiation on structural changes of levan","volume":"23","author":"Chelminiak-Dudkiewicz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib64","article-title":"The use of response surface method in optimization of levan production by heterologous expressed levansucrase from halophilic bacteria Bacillus licheniformis BK2","volume":"209","author":"Permatasari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2020.146602","article-title":"Photosensitizing potential of tailored magnetite hybrid nanoparticles functionalized with levan and zinc (II) phthalocyanine","volume":"524","author":"Chelminiak-Dudkiewicz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1155\/2002\/637587","article-title":"Infrared spectra of some fructans","volume":"16","author":"Grube","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Spectrosc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.110315","article-title":"Purification and characterization of levansucrases from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens in intra-and extracellular forms useful for the synthesis of levan and fructooligosaccharides","volume":"75","author":"Tian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.019","article-title":"Production of levan by Bacillus licheniformis NS032 in sugar beet molasses-based medium","volume":"121","author":"Gojgic-Cvijovic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2012.11.017","article-title":"High expression level of levansucrase from Bacillus licheniformis RN-01 and synthesis of levan nanoparticles","volume":"54","author":"Nakapong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2020.109093","article-title":"Production and characterization of a high molecular weight levan and fructooligosaccharides from a rhizospheric isolate of Bacillus aryabhattai","volume":"123","author":"Nasir","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lwt"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2019.02.012","article-title":"Fermentation parameters and conditions affecting levan production and its potential applications in cosmetics","volume":"93","author":"Dom\u017ca\u0142-K\u0119dzia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioorg. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib72","article-title":"Characterization of levans produced by levansucrases from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Gluconobacter oxydans: Structural, techno-functional, and anti-inflammatory properties","volume":"323","author":"Sahyoun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2021.08.021","article-title":"Optimization and physicochemical characterization of low molecular levan from Enterococcus faecium MC-5 having potential biological activities","volume":"110","author":"Tilwani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwv112","article-title":"Size product modulation by enzyme concentration reveals two distinct levan elongation mechanisms in Bacillus subtilis levansucrase","volume":"26","author":"Raga-Carbajal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.4c09641","article-title":"Biopolymer-levan characterization in Bacillus species isolated from traditionally fermented soybeans (Thua Nao)","volume":"10","author":"Wannasutta","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1656(02)00160-8","article-title":"Characterization of a thermostable levansucrase from bacillus sp. TH4-2 capable of producing high molecular weight levan at high temperature","volume":"99","author":"Ammar","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1186\/s40643-025-00994-2","article-title":"Analysis of cultivation conditions and enzymatic efficiency enables high-yield levan production from Bacillus velezensis KKSB6","volume":"12","author":"Kaewyotha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioresour. Bioprocess."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1010905","article-title":"Assembling the perfect bacterial genome using Oxford nanopore and illumina sequencing","volume":"19","author":"Wick","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5478","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae314","article-title":"BGCFlow: systematic pangenome workflow for the analysis of biosynthetic gene clusters across large genomic datasets","volume":"52","author":"Nuhamunada","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib80","first-page":"204","article-title":"The complete genome sequence of Bacillus licheniformis DSM13, an organism with great industrial potential","volume":"7","author":"Veith","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"r77","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2004-5-10-r77","article-title":"Complete genome sequence of the industrial bacterium Bacillus licheniformis and comparisons with closely related bacillus species","volume":"5","author":"Rey","year":"2004","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.03.037","article-title":"Complete genome sequence of bacillus licheniformis BL-010","volume":"118","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1038\/36786","article-title":"The complete genome sequence of the gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis","volume":"390","author":"Kunst","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.05058-11","article-title":"Complete genome sequence of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens LL3, which exhibits glutamic acid-independent production of poly-\u03b3-glutamic acid","volume":"193","author":"Geng","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7437","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-43297-w","article-title":"Bacterial genome size and gene functional diversity negatively correlate with taxonomic diversity along a pH gradient","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D489","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkn689","article-title":"Documenting the number of rRNA and tRNA genes in bacteria and archaea","volume":"37","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4836","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-84286-7","article-title":"Complete genome sequencing of bacillus sp. TK-2, analysis of its cold evolution adaptability","volume":"11","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.syapm.2013.04.008","article-title":"Description of Bacillus toyonensis sp. Nov., a novel species of the bacillus Cereus group, and pairwise genome comparisons of the species of the group by means of ANI calculations","volume":"36","author":"Jim\u00e9nez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Syst. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00829-22","article-title":"Global distribution of carbohydrate utilization potential in the prokaryotic tree of life","volume":"7","author":"L\u00f3pez-Mond\u00e9jar","year":"2022","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.122897","article-title":"Regulation of wheat yield by soil multifunctionality and metagenomic-based microbial degradation potentials under crop rotations","volume":"370","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-025-04474-9","article-title":"Identification and comprehensive genomic characterization of cellulolytic bacillus species reveal unique CAZyme profiles for leaf litter degradation and compost production","volume":"41","author":"Singh","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12091861","article-title":"Bacillus licheniformis YB06: a rhizosphere\u2013genome-wide analysis and plant growth-promoting analysis of a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium isolated from Codonopsis pilosula","volume":"12","author":"Ni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2026.e44925","article-title":"Exploring hot-spring metagenomes for the repertoire of carbohydrate-active enzymes and potential bacterial strains for enzyme production","volume":"12","author":"Kumari","year":"2026","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9121185","article-title":"Gene family expansion during the adaptation of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides to woody plants","volume":"9","author":"Meng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Fungi"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.07.159","article-title":"Taxonomic and functional patterns across soil microbial communities of global biomes","volume":"609","author":"Noronha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2940","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-020-02120-1","article-title":"Comparative genomic study of polar lichen-associated Hymenobacter sp. PAMC 26554 and Hymenobacter sp. PAMC 26628 reveals the presence of polysaccharide-degrading ability based on habitat","volume":"77","author":"Ghimire","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib97","first-page":"989","article-title":"Analysis of the Peltigera membranacea metagenome indicates that lichen-associated bacteria are involved in phosphate solubilization","volume":"161","author":"Sigurbj\u00f6rnsd\u00f3ttir","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microbiology (N. Y.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20889","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1212034109","article-title":"How nature can exploit nonspecific catalytic and carbohydrate binding modules to create enzymatic specificity","volume":"109","author":"Cuskin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1005300","article-title":"Glycoside hydrolases across environmental microbial communities","volume":"12","author":"Berlemont","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.2216\/15-127.1","article-title":"Metabolic response to desiccation stress in strains of green algal photobionts (trebouxia) from two antarctic lichens of southern habitats","volume":"55","author":"Sadowsky","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phycologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10050946","article-title":"Metabolite profiling in green microalgae with varying degrees of desiccation tolerance","volume":"10","author":"Aigner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcsw.2019.100022","article-title":"Cell wall glucans of fungi. A review","volume":"5","author":"Ruiz-Herrera","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Cell Surf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8169","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-65228-1","article-title":"Genome comparison identifies different bacillus species in a bast fibre-retting bacterial consortium and provides insights into pectin degrading genes","volume":"10","author":"Datta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3077","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22063077","article-title":"PUL-Mediated plant cell wall polysaccharide utilization in the gut bacteroidetes","volume":"22","author":"Hao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2012.04.010","article-title":"Microbial carbohydrate esterases deacetylating plant polysaccharides","volume":"30","author":"Biely","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20101185","article-title":"A hierarchical classification of polysaccharide lyases for glycogenomics","volume":"432","author":"Lombard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1097(03)00935-2","article-title":"Genotypic diversity among Bacillus licheniformis strains from various sources","volume":"231","author":"De Clerck","year":"2004","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1038\/nsb974","article-title":"Structural framework of fructosyl transfer in Bacillus subtilis levansucrase","volume":"10","author":"Meng","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20070600","article-title":"Insights into polymer versus oligosaccharide synthesis: mutagenesis and mechanistic studies of a novel levansucrase from Bacillus megaterium","volume":"407","author":"Homann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/ern333","article-title":"Structural insights into glycoside hydrolase family 32 and 68 enzymes: functional implications","volume":"60","author":"Lammens","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2008.03.018","article-title":"A comparison of sugar indicators enables a universal high-throughput sugar-1-phosphate nucleotidyltransferase assay","volume":"377","author":"Moretti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.12338","article-title":"A functional glycogen biosynthesis pathway in lactobacillus Acidophilus: expression and analysis of the glg operon","volume":"89","author":"Goh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6150","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.186.18.6150-6158.2004","article-title":"RsbV-independent induction of the SigB-dependent general stress regulon of Bacillus subtilis during growth at high temperature","volume":"186","author":"Holtmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4279","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00594-16","article-title":"The cooperative and interdependent roles of GerA, GerK, and ynd in germination of Bacillus licheniformis spores","volume":"82","author":"Borch-Pedersen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3793","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22073793","article-title":"Predicting the structure and dynamics of membrane protein GerAB from Bacillus subtilis","volume":"22","author":"Blinker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110660","article-title":"Genotype-phenotype evaluation of the heterogeneity in biofilm formation by diverse Bacillus licheniformis strains isolated from dairy products","volume":"416","author":"Fan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12127","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1405336111","article-title":"Pervasive domestication of defective prophages by bacteria","volume":"111","author":"Bobay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6637","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.15802","article-title":"Virus diversity in metagenomes of a lichen symbiosis (umbilicaria Phaea): complete viral genomes, putative hosts and elevational distributions","volume":"23","author":"Merges","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5885","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.182.20.5885-5892.2000","article-title":"Transcriptional control of the sulfur-regulated cysH operon, containing genes involved inL-cysteine biosynthesis in Bacillus subtilis","volume":"182","author":"Mansilla","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080956","article-title":"Stress responses of the industrial workhorse Bacillus licheniformis to osmotic challenges","volume":"8","author":"Schroeter","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib121","series-title":"Biosurfactants, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology Biosurfactants","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-5979-9_23","article-title":"Structural and molecular characteristics of lichenysin and its relationship with surface activity","author":"Anuradha S","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1006\/anbo.2000.1224","article-title":"Water distribution in foliose lichen species: interactions between method of hydration, lichen substances and thallus anatomy","volume":"86","author":"Souza-Egipsy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-011-1475-z","article-title":"Passive water control at the surface of a superhydrophobic lichen","volume":"234","author":"Hamlett","year":"2011","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1017\/S0960428619000209","article-title":"Are lichen growth form categories supported by continuous functional traits: water-holding capacity and specific thallus mass?","volume":"77","author":"Wan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Edinb. J. Bot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.2478\/johh-2023-0010","article-title":"Influence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on water storage capacity of two lichens species","volume":"71","author":"Klamerus-Iwan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hydrol. Hydromechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-021-03196-y","article-title":"Assessing the potential of the two-peptide lantibiotic lichenicidin as a new generation antimicrobial","volume":"38","author":"Barbosa","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-021-11632-0","article-title":"Bacillibactin class of siderophore antibiotics from a marine symbiotic bacillus as promising antibacterial agents","volume":"106","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4894","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00802a010","article-title":"Structure of schizokinen, an iron-transport compound from Bacillus megaterium","volume":"10","author":"Mullis","year":"1971","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5611","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25235611","article-title":"Research progress of the biosynthesis of natural bio-antibacterial agent pulcherriminic acid in bacillus","volume":"25","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00012-07","article-title":"Siderophore-based iron acquisition and pathogen control","volume":"71","author":"Miethke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1080\/20013591099254","article-title":"Biomonitoring atmospheric heavy metals with lichens: theory and application","volume":"20","author":"Garty","year":"2001","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Plant Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112_bib132","first-page":"6258","article-title":"Heavy metal accumulation in some lichen species occurred from west to east black sea regions of Turkey","volume":"29","author":"Kinalioglu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fresenius Environ. Bull."}],"container-title":["Carbohydrate Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0008621526003010?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0008621526003010?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T09:37:08Z","timestamp":1793785028000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0008621526003010"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"references-count":132,"alternative-id":["S0008621526003010"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112","relation":{},"ISSN":["0008-6215"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0008-6215","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Levan production and comparative genomic analysis of lichen-associated Bacillus licheniformis strains","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Carbohydrate Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.carres.2026.110112","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"110112"}}