{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T17:26:29Z","timestamp":1789665989596,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,1]],"date-time":"2010-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1277942400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,1]],"date-time":"2010-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1277942400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chemico-Biological Interactions"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,29]],"date-time":"2010-04-29T04:27:48Z","timestamp":1272515268000},"page":"219-227","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":95,"title":["Protective effects of Pycnogenol\u00ae on hyperglycemia-induced oxidative damage in the liver of type 2 diabetic rats"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"186","author":[{"given":"Kehkashan","family":"Parveen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohd. Rashid","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohd.","family":"Mujeeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waseem A.","family":"Siddiqui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-003-1263-9","article-title":"Beta-cell dysfunction and glucose intolerance: results from the San Antonio metabolism (SAM) study","volume":"47","author":"Gastaldelli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm1837","article-title":"Critical nodes in signalling pathways: insights into insulin action","volume":"7","author":"Taniguchi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1079\/PHN2001136","article-title":"Healthy lifestyles in Europe: prevention of obesity and type II diabetes by diet and physical activity","volume":"4","author":"Astrup","year":"2001","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2005.10719479","article-title":"Prevention of type 2 diabetes by diet and lifestyle modification","volume":"24","author":"Bazzano","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1185\/030079906X80495","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents: the next epidemic","volume":"22","author":"Vivian","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Res. Opin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1021\/jm00086a020","article-title":"Bis(maltolato)oxovanadium(IV) is a potent insulin mimic","volume":"35","author":"McNeill","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.1031414","article-title":"Oral antihyperglycemic therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"172","author":"Alice","year":"2005","journal-title":"Can. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2006.05.005","article-title":"A novel drug delivery system for type 1 diabetes: insulin-mimetic vanadyl-poly(gamma-glutamic acid) complex","volume":"100","author":"Karmaker","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.48.1.1","article-title":"Role of oxidative stress in diabetic complications","volume":"48","author":"Baynes","year":"1999","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0953-6205(99)00009-6","article-title":"Oxidative stress and diabetes mellitus pathogenesis of long-term complications","volume":"10","author":"Kuyvenhoven","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.10078","article-title":"Effects of Pycnogenol treatment on oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"17","author":"Maritim","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2190001","article-title":"Oxygen toxicity, oxygen radicals, transition metals and disease","volume":"219","author":"Halliwell","year":"1984","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2560205","article-title":"Hydroxyl radical production and autoxidative glycosylation. Glucose autoxidation as the cause of protein damage in the experimental glycation model of diabetes mellitus and ageing","volume":"256","author":"Hunt","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.196","article-title":"The role of oxidative stress in the onset and progression of diabetes and its complication","volume":"17","author":"Rosen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.1992.tb01783.x","article-title":"New insights on non-enzymatic glycosylation may lead to therapeutic approaches for the prevention of diabetic complications","volume":"9","author":"Ceriello","year":"1992","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/41.12.1819","article-title":"Lipid peroxidation and antioxidants as biomarkers of tissue damage","volume":"41","author":"Gutteridge","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2008.03.003","article-title":"Reduction of cardiovascular risk factors in subjects with type 2 diabetes by Pycnogenol supplementation","volume":"28","author":"Zibadi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1159\/000152868","article-title":"Effects of dietary onion (Allium cepa L.) in a high-fat diet streptozotocin-induced diabetes rodent model","volume":"53","author":"Islam","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.08.018","article-title":"A novel dihydroxy gymnemic triacetate isolated from Gymnema sylvestre possessing normoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity on STZ-induced diabetic rats","volume":"126","author":"Daisy","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1080\/13510002.1997.11747113","article-title":"Pycnogenol enhances endothelial cell antioxidant defenses","volume":"3","author":"Wei","year":"1997","journal-title":"Redox. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(99)00090-8","article-title":"Antioxidant activity and biologic properties of a procyanidin-rich extract from pine (Pinus maritima) bark, Pycnogenol","volume":"27","author":"Packer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.5414\/CPP40158","article-title":"A review of the French maritime pine bark extract (Pycnogenol), a herbal medication with a diverse clinical pharmacology","volume":"40","author":"Rohdewald","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1021\/np9904509","article-title":"Flavonoids as antioxidants","volume":"63","author":"Pietta","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6904-6-4","article-title":"Single and multiple dose pharmacokinetics of maritime pine bark extract (Pycnogenol) after oral administration to healthy volunteers","volume":"6","author":"Grimm","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1002\/neu.20057","article-title":"Protective mechanisms of Pycnogenol in ethanol-insulted cerebellar granule cells","volume":"61","author":"Siler-Marsiglio","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3109\/03639049809085598","article-title":"Pycnogenol inhibits macrophage oxidative burst, lipoprotein oxidation, and hydroxyl radical-induced DNA damage","volume":"24","author":"Nelson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib27","series-title":"Encyclopedia of Dietary Supplements","first-page":"545","article-title":"Pycnogenol\u00ae, French maritime pine bark extract","author":"Rohdewald","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.20046","article-title":"Influence of treatment of diabetic rats with combinations of Pycnogenol, beta-carotene, and alpha-lipoic acid on parameters of oxidative stress","volume":"18","author":"Berryman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2006.22.10","article-title":"Effects of lowcarbohydrate diet and Pycnogenol treatment on retinal antioxidant enzymes in normal and diabetic rats","volume":"22","author":"Kamuren","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Ocul. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.2776","article-title":"Pycnogenol efficiency on glycaemia, motor nerve conduction velocity and markers of oxidative stress in mild type diabetes in rats","volume":"23","author":"Jankyova","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2003.10.043","article-title":"Antidiabetic effect of Pycnogenol French maritime pine bark extract in patients with diabetes type II","volume":"75","author":"Liu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.3.839","article-title":"French maritime pine bark extract Pycnogenol dose-dependently lowers glucose in type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"27","author":"Liu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1053\/meta.2000.17721","article-title":"A new rat model of type 2 diabetes: the fat-fed, streptozotocin-treated rat","volume":"49","author":"Reed","year":"2000","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2009.08.001","article-title":"Pycnogenol\u00ae prevents potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7)-induced oxidative damage and nephrotoxicity in rats","volume":"181","author":"Parveen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib35","first-page":"191","article-title":"Estimation of glycogen with anthrone reagent","volume":"25","author":"Seifter","year":"1950","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib36","first-page":"521","article-title":"Effect of sulfhydryl reagent on peroxidation in micrisome","volume":"260","author":"Utley","year":"1967","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(79)90738-3","article-title":"Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction","volume":"95","author":"Ohkawa","year":"1979","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/0076-6879(90)86141-H","article-title":"Determination of carbonyl content in oxidatively modified proteins","volume":"186","author":"Levine","year":"1990","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1159\/000136485","article-title":"Bromobenzene-induced liver necrosis. Protective role of glutathione and evidence for 3, 4-bromobenzene oxide as the hepatotoxic metabolite","volume":"11","author":"Jollow","year":"1974","journal-title":"Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7130","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)42083-8","article-title":"Glutathion-S-transferase: the first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation","volume":"249","author":"Habig","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib41","series-title":"Handbook of Methods for Oxygen Radical Research","first-page":"283","article-title":"Catalase activity","author":"Claiborne","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.49.6.1006","article-title":"Effects of DL-a-lipoic acid on peripheral nerve conduction, blood flow, energy metabolism, and oxidative stress in experimental diabetic neuropathy","volume":"49","author":"Martin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(90)90668-Y","article-title":"Automated assays for superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activity","volume":"184","author":"Wheeler","year":"1990","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)41206-4","article-title":"Glutathione reductase levels in rat brain","volume":"250","author":"Carlberg","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)52451-6","article-title":"Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent","volume":"193","author":"Lowry","year":"1951","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(99)01113-1","article-title":"Assay of inducible form of nitric oxide synthase activity: effect of flavonoids and plant extracts","volume":"301","author":"Kobuchi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(81)80113-5","article-title":"Thiobarbituric acid-reactivity following iron-dependent free-radical damage to amino acids and carbohydrates","volume":"128","author":"Gutteridge","year":"1981","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7418","DOI":"10.1021\/jf030172q","article-title":"Fenton-dependent damage to carbohydrates: free radical scavenging activity of some simple sugars","volume":"51","author":"Morelli","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-0495(00)80082-7","article-title":"Oxidative stress and glycemic regulation","volume":"49","author":"Ceriello","year":"2000","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib50","series-title":"Complications of Diabetes","first-page":"231","article-title":"The biochemistry and the complication of diabetes","author":"Alberti","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib51","first-page":"60","article-title":"How much do you know about glycated hemoglobin testing","volume":"13","author":"Goldstein","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin. Diabet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12964","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.22.12964","article-title":"Involvement of hydrogen peroxide in collagen cross-linking by high glucose in vitro and in vivo","volume":"271","author":"Elgawish","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3360019","article-title":"Specific features of glycogen metabolism in the liver","volume":"336","author":"Bollen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib54","first-page":"727","article-title":"Hypoglycemic effect of Polygonatum odoratum var. pluriflorum ohwi extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"28","author":"Im","year":"1995","journal-title":"Korean J. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4800(83)90077-1","article-title":"Lipid peroxidation in exercise myopathy","volume":"38","author":"Salminen","year":"1983","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.912","article-title":"Tissue malondialdehyde and adenosine triphosphatase level after experimental liver ischaemia-reperfusion damage","volume":"19","author":"Ilhan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Funct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20313","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.33.20313","article-title":"Protein oxidation in ageing, disease and oxidative stress","volume":"272","author":"Berlett","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib58","first-page":"64","article-title":"Effect of training on lipid peroxidation, thiol status and antioxidant enzymes in tissues of rats","volume":"42","author":"Anuradha","year":"1998","journal-title":"Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib59","first-page":"1233","article-title":"Oxidant\u2013antioxidant system; role and significance in human body","volume":"40","author":"Irshad","year":"2002","journal-title":"Indian J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(88)90622-4","article-title":"Enzymatic down regulation with exercise in rat skeletal muscle","volume":"263","author":"Jill Startman","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(84)05016-3","article-title":"Catalase in vitro","volume":"105","author":"Aebi","year":"1984","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib62","first-page":"26","article-title":"Altered kinetic attributes of Na+\u2013K+ ATPase activity in kidney, brain and erythrocyte membrane in alloxan diabetic rats","volume":"30","author":"Kumuhekar","year":"1992","journal-title":"Indian J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(95)01376-8","article-title":"Cellular responses of cultured cerebellar astrocytes to ethacrynic acid-induced perturbation of subcellular glutathione homeostasis","volume":"711","author":"Haung","year":"1996","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(97)00223-2","article-title":"Glutathione and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency can increase protein glycation","volume":"24","author":"Jain","year":"1998","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cccn.2004.05.005","article-title":"The effects of dietary caloric restriction on antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation in mild and severe streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"348","author":"Ugochukwu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/0955-2863(93)90054-Z","article-title":"Effect of oral methionine on tissue lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in alloxan induced diabetic rats","volume":"4","author":"Anuradha","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2007.12.011","article-title":"Antioxidant and pancreas-protective effect of aucubin on rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes","volume":"582","author":"Jin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib68","first-page":"174","article-title":"A cytoprotectant against streptozotocin induced diabetic damage in Wistar rat brains","volume":"2","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biochem. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(99)01735-4","article-title":"Activity of monomeric, dimeric, and trimeric flavonoids on NO production, TNF-alpha secretion, and NF-kappa B dependent gene expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages","volume":"465","author":"Park","year":"2000","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-1573(200009)14:6<472::AID-PTR649>3.0.CO;2-S","article-title":"Inhibition of lipogenesis by Pycnogenol","volume":"14","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1007\/s000180050045","article-title":"Pycnogenol inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced nuclear factor kappa B activation and adhesion molecule expression in human vascular endothelial cells","volume":"57","author":"Peng","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3835(00)00704-7","article-title":"Inhibition by costunolide of phorbol ester-induced transcriptional activation of inducible nitric oxidesynthase gene in a human monocyte cell line THP-1","volume":"1","author":"Fukuda","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1097","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00748.2007","article-title":"Dimethyl amiloride improves glucose homeostasis in mouse models of type 2 diabetes","volume":"294","author":"Gunawardana","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib74","first-page":"129","article-title":"Pharmacology of hypoglycemic principle isolated from the fruits of M. charantia Linn","volume":"28","author":"Lolitkar","year":"1966","journal-title":"Ind. J. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib75","article-title":"Effect of Pycnogenol on glucose transporter 4 expression and glucose uptake stimulatory activity in 3t3-L1 adipocytes","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.3109\/10715769209079515","article-title":"Nuclear factor kappa B: an oxidative stress responsive transcription factor of eukaryotic cells (a review)","volume":"17","author":"Schreck","year":"1992","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.5520100211","article-title":"The role of oxidative stress and NF-B activation in late diabetic complications","volume":"10","author":"Mohamed","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biofactors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0027-5107(01)00183-X","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms underlying chemopreventive activities of anti-inflammatory phytochemicals: down-regulation of COX-2 and iNOS through suppression of NF-\u03baB activation","volume":"480\u2013481","author":"Surh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.5.1340","article-title":"A role for iNOS in fasting hyperglycemia and impaired insulin signaling in the liver of obese diabetic mice","volume":"54","author":"Fujimoto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2006.10.011","article-title":"Oligomeric procyanidins of French maritime pine bark extract (Pycnogenol) effectively inhibit alpha-glucosidase","volume":"77","author":"Sch\u00e4fer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1097\/00006676-200304000-00014","article-title":"Protective effects of epicatechin against the toxic effects of streptozotocin on rat pancreatic islets: in vivo and in vitro","volume":"26","author":"Kim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pancreas"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.5520130111","article-title":"Regulation of intestinal glucose transport by tea catechins","volume":"13","author":"Shimizu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biofactors"}],"container-title":["Chemico-Biological Interactions"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0009279710003091?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0009279710003091?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,14]],"date-time":"2025-09-14T13:22:08Z","timestamp":1757856128000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0009279710003091"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,7]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0009279710003091"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023","relation":{},"ISSN":["0009-2797"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0009-2797","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Protective effects of Pycnogenol\u00ae on hyperglycemia-induced oxidative damage in the liver of type 2 diabetic rats","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Chemico-Biological Interactions","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.023","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}