{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T14:57:54Z","timestamp":1772117874499,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]],"date-time":"2016-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1480550400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]],"date-time":"2016-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1480550400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001501","name":"University Grants Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["7-357\/2011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7-357\/2011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001501","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chemico-Biological Interactions"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.11.008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,8]],"date-time":"2016-11-08T23:01:32Z","timestamp":1478646092000},"page":"117-128","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Regression of fibrosis\/cirrhosis by Glycine propionyl-l-carnitine treatment in d-Galactosamine induced chronic liver damage"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"260","author":[{"given":"Ajaz Ahmad","family":"Ganai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ishfaq Ahmad","family":"Ganaie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nishika","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8048-1315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Humaira","family":"Farooqi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.11.008_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI24282","article-title":"Liver fibrosis","volume":"115","author":"Bataller","year":"2005","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Clin. Investig."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.11.008_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.03.003","article-title":"Mechanisms of hepatic fibrogenesis","volume":"134","author":"Friedman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.11.008_bib3","first-page":"690","article-title":"Chronic hepatitis: morphology and nomenclature","volume":"7","author":"Ishak","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol. Official J. U. S. Can. Acad. Pathol. Inc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.11.008_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840010511","article-title":"Formulation and application of a numerical scoring system for assessing histological activity in asymptomatic chronic active hepatitis","volume":"1","author":"Knodell","year":"1981","journal-title":"Hepatol. Baltim. Md"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.11.008_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2247","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.275.4.2247","article-title":"Molecular regulation of hepatic fibrosis, an integrated cellular response to tissue injury","volume":"275","author":"Friedman","year":"2000","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.11.008_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e75361","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0075361","article-title":"Regression of fibrosis and reversal of cirrhosis in rats by galectin inhibitors in thioacetamide-induced liver disease","volume":"8","author":"Traber","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.11.008_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2014.02.006","article-title":"Glycine propionyl l-carnitine attenuates d-Galactosamine induced fulminant hepatic failure in wistar rats","volume":"214","author":"Ganai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.11.008_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2015.01.012","article-title":"Genistein modulates the expression of NF-\u03baB and MAPK (p-38 and ERK1\/2), thereby attenuating d-Galactosamine induced fulminant hepatic failure in Wistar rats","volume":"283","author":"Ganai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.11.008_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1586\/17474124.2.6.803","article-title":"Advances in antifibrotic therapy","volume":"2","author":"Ghiassi-Nejad","year":"2008","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.11.008_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2010.02264.x","article-title":"The challenge of developing novel pharmacological therapies for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"30","author":"Schuppan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.11.008_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/1550-2783-4-22","article-title":"Glycine propionyl-L-carnitine increases plasma nitrate\/nitrite in resistance trained men","volume":"4","author":"Bloomer","year":"2007","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.11.008_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831.79.3.131","article-title":"Glycine propionyl-L-carnitine modulates lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide in human subjects","volume":"79","author":"Bloomer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.11.008_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1550-2783-6-9","article-title":"Glycine propionyl-L-carnitine produces enhanced anaerobic work capacity with reduced lactate accumulation in resistance trained males","volume":"6","author":"Jacobs","year":"2009","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.11.008_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.1062","article-title":"Protective effect of glycine supplementation on the levels of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in the erythrocyte of rats with alcohol-induced liver injury","volume":"22","author":"Senthilkumar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Funct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.11.008_bib15","first-page":"55","article-title":"Effect of glycine on oxidative stress in rats with alcohol induced liver injury","volume":"59","author":"Senthilkumar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Die Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.11.008_bib16","first-page":"26","article-title":"Is glycine effective against elevated blood pressure?","volume":"9","author":"El Hafidi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.11.008_bib17","first-page":"603","article-title":"Glycine modulates hepatic lipid accumulation in alcohol-induced liver injury","volume":"55","author":"Senthilkumar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pol. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.11.008_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.35.323","article-title":"Effects of addition of sulfur-containing amino acids and glycine to soybean protein and casein on serum cholesterol levels of rats","volume":"35","author":"Tanaka","year":"1989","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.11.008_bib19","article-title":"Glycine propionyl-l-carnitine(GPLC) amelorates D-Galactosamine (D-GalN) induced oxidative stress in rats by preventing lipid peroxidation and maintaining the redox potential","volume":"4","author":"Ganai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Bio Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.11.008_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1211\/jpp.61.04.0009","article-title":"Protective effects of coffee-derived compounds on lipopolysaccharide\/D-galactosamine induced acute liver injury in rats","volume":"61","author":"Akashi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.11.008_bib21","first-page":"97","article-title":"D-galactosamine induced hepatic cirrhosis: its ultrastructural and biochemical studies in rat","volume":"25","author":"Funatsu","year":"1978","journal-title":"Acta hepato-gastroenterologica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.11.008_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1969.tb00677.x","article-title":"Studies on the mechanism of galactosamine-1-phosphate and its inhibition of UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase","volume":"10","author":"Keppler","year":"1969","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem. FEBS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.11.008_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03714.x","article-title":"Involvement of the superoxide anion radical in the autoxidation of pyrogallol and a convenient assay for superoxide dismutase","volume":"47","author":"Marklund","year":"1974","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem. FEBS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.11.008_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(72)90132-7","article-title":"Colorimetric assay of catalase","volume":"47","author":"Sinha","year":"1972","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.11.008_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(78)52032-6","article-title":"Microsomal lipid peroxidation","volume":"52","author":"Buege","year":"1978","journal-title":"Methods Enzym."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.11.008_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(61)90291-0","article-title":"The determination of hydroxyproline in tissue and protein samples containing small proportions of this imino acid","volume":"93","author":"Woessner","year":"1961","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.11.008_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2004.09.002","article-title":"Indole-3-carbinol activates the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p15(INK4b) gene","volume":"576","author":"Matsuzaki","year":"2004","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.11.008_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods San Diego, Calif."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.11.008_bib29","first-page":"756","article-title":"Cirrhosis and chronic liver failure: part I. Diagnosis and evaluation","volume":"74","author":"Heidelbaugh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.11.008_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(94)00159-H","article-title":"Oxidative mechanisms in the toxicity of metal ions","volume":"18","author":"Stohs","year":"1995","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.11.008_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2005.06.035","volume":"827","author":"Mateos","year":"2005","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Chromatogr. B Anal. Technol. Biomed. life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.11.008_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2007.1830","article-title":"DNA damage and repair: from molecular mechanisms to health implications","volume":"10","author":"Altieri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.11.008_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6571","DOI":"10.1021\/bi962761d","article-title":"Influence of the local helical conformation on the guanine modifications generated from one-electron DNA oxidation","volume":"36","author":"Spassky","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.11.008_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1586\/egh.11.21","article-title":"Inflammation in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"5","author":"Harmon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.11.008_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21427","article-title":"Oxidative-stress and IL-6 mediate the fibrogenic effects of [corrected] Kupffer cells on stellate cells","volume":"44","author":"Nieto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatol. Baltim. Md"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.11.008_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1159\/000282094","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of hepatic fibrosis in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"28","author":"Rombouts","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Basel, Switz."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.11.008_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.2174\/138161209788489140","article-title":"Interleukin-6 trans-signaling and colonic cancer associated with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"15","author":"Rose-John","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.11.008_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2005.088690","article-title":"Emerging insights into Transforming growth factor beta Smad signal in hepatic fibrogenesis","volume":"56","author":"Inagaki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.11.008_bib39","first-page":"S122","article-title":"Transforming growth factor-beta and hepatocyte transdifferentiation in liver fibrogenesis","volume":"23","author":"Meindl-Beinker","year":"2008","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.11.008_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2003.50196","article-title":"Conditional tetracycline-regulated expression of TGF-\u03b21 in liver of transgenic mice leads to reversible intermediary fibrosis","volume":"37","author":"Ueberham","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hepatol. Baltim. Md"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.11.008_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(99)80010-5","article-title":"The role of TGFbeta1 in initiating hepatic stellate cell activation in\u00a0vivo","volume":"30","author":"Hellerbrand","year":"1999","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.11.008_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0706172","article-title":"Inhibition of TGF-beta signaling by an ALK5 inhibitor protects rats from dimethylnitrosamine-induced liver fibrosis","volume":"145","author":"de Gouville","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.11.008_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.2.409","article-title":"Genistein decreases food intake, body weight, and fat pad weight and causes adipose tissue apoptosis in ovariectomized female mice","volume":"136","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.11.008_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(75)80243-5","article-title":"Serum free proline and free hydroxyproline in patients with chronic liver disease","volume":"68","author":"Mata","year":"1975","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.11.008_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.1983.tb00077.x","article-title":"Clinical significance of serum hydroxyproline-containing peptides with special reference to hyproprotein","volume":"13","author":"Yamada","year":"1983","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.11.008_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.1998.0755","article-title":"Biological tyrosine nitration: a pathophysiological function of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species","volume":"356","author":"Ischiropoulos","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."}],"container-title":["Chemico-Biological Interactions"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0009279716305518?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0009279716305518?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,14]],"date-time":"2025-09-14T13:41:59Z","timestamp":1757857319000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0009279716305518"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["S0009279716305518"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.11.008","relation":{},"ISSN":["0009-2797"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0009-2797","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Regression of fibrosis\/cirrhosis by Glycine propionyl-l-carnitine treatment in d-Galactosamine induced chronic liver damage","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Chemico-Biological Interactions","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.11.008","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}