{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T16:56:18Z","timestamp":1786985778476,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]],"date-time":"2019-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551398400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]],"date-time":"2019-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551398400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]],"date-time":"2019-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"non-profit CTC Foundation a 501c3 company"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chemico-Biological Interactions"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2019.01.038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,12]],"date-time":"2019-02-12T11:18:24Z","timestamp":1549970304000},"page":"2-5","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"special_numbering":"C","title":["An examination of the linear no-threshold hypothesis of cancer risk assessment: Introduction to a series of reviews documenting the lack of biological plausibility of LNT"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"301","author":[{"given":"R.","family":"Golden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1420-4384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J.","family":"Bus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Calabrese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2019.01.038_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0027-5107(99)00194-3","article-title":"Paracelsus to parascience: the environmental cancer distraction","volume":"447","author":"Ames","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2019.01.038_bib2","series-title":"Cancer Facts and Figures 2016","author":"American Cancer Society","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2019.01.038_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-009-0412-4","article-title":"The road to linearity: why linearity at low doses became the basis for carcinogen risk assessment","volume":"83","author":"Calabrese","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2019.01.038_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2658","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.687","article-title":"Toxicology rewrites its history and rethinks its future: giving equal focus to both harmful and beneficial effects","volume":"30","author":"Calabrese","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2019.01.038_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfr338","article-title":"Muller's Nobel Prize lecture: when ideology prevailed over science","volume":"126","author":"Calabrese","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2019.01.038_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-013-1104-7","article-title":"Origin of the linearity no threshold (LNT) dose\u2013response concept","volume":"87","author":"Calabrese","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2019.01.038_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2015.07.011","article-title":"On the origins of the linear no-threshold (LNT) dogma by means of untruths, artful dodges and blind faith","volume":"142","author":"Calabrese","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2019.01.038_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.07.030","article-title":"Flaws in the LNT single-hit model for cancer risk: an historical assessment","volume":"158","author":"Calabrese","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2019.01.038_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.02.031","article-title":"Obituary notice: LNT dead at 89 years, a life in the spotlight","volume":"155","author":"Calabrese","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2019.01.038_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.11.024","article-title":"The threshold vs LNT showdown: dose rate findings exposed flaws in the LNT model part 2. How a mistake led BEIR I to adopt LNT","volume":"154","author":"Calabrese","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2019.01.038_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.05.015","article-title":"The additive to background assumption in cancer risk assessment: a reappraisal","volume":"166","author":"Calabrese","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2019.01.038_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.05.051","article-title":"From Muller to mechanism: how LNT became the default model for cancer risk assessment","volume":"241","author":"Calabrese","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Pol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2019.01.038_bib13","series-title":"Silent Spring","author":"Carson","year":"1962"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2019.01.038_bib14","first-page":"2973","article-title":"Fundamental carcinogenic processes and their implications for low dose risk assessment","volume":"36","author":"Crump","year":"1976","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2019.01.038_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1039\/c8tx00004b","article-title":"Goodbye to the bioassay","volume":"7","author":"Goodman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2019.01.038_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1667\/RR2085.1","article-title":"A U-shaped dose-response relationship between X radiation and sex-linked recessive lethal mutation in male germ cells of Drosophila","volume":"174","author":"Koana","year":"2010","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2019.01.038_bib17","series-title":"Facts versus Fears. A Review of the Greatest Unfounded Health Scares of Recent Times","article-title":"The \u201ccranberry scare\u201d of 1959","author":"Lieberman","year":"2004"},{"issue":"1699","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2019.01.038_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1126\/science.66.1699.84","article-title":"Artificial transmutation of the gene","volume":"66","author":"Muller","year":"1927","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2019.01.038_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.16.4.277","article-title":"Evidence that natural radioactivity is inadequate to explain the frequency of \u201cnatural\u201d mutations","volume":"16","author":"Muller","year":"1930","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Unit. States Am."},{"issue":"692","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2019.01.038_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1086\/280313","article-title":"Radiation and genetics","volume":"64","author":"Muller","year":"1930","journal-title":"Am. Nat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2019.01.038_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1667\/RR1288.1","article-title":"Reduction in mutation frequency by very low-dose gamma irradiation of Drosophila melanogaster germ cells","volume":"171","author":"Ogura","year":"2009","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"issue":"3052","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2019.01.038_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1038\/121673a0","article-title":"Natural reactivity and the origin of species","volume":"421","author":"Olson","year":"1928","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2019.01.038_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s13752-016-0244-4","article-title":"Epidemiology without biology. False paradigms, unfounded assumptions, and specious statistics in radiation science (with commentaries by Inge Schmitz-Feuerhake and Christopher Busby and a reply by the authors)","volume":"11","author":"Sacks","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Theory"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2019.01.038_bib24","series-title":"2011. Creating a Physical Biology. The Threeman Paper and Early Molecular Biology","author":"Timofeeff-Ressovsky","year":"1935"}],"container-title":["Chemico-Biological Interactions"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0009279718315254?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0009279718315254?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T19:46:50Z","timestamp":1762112810000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0009279718315254"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"references-count":24,"alternative-id":["S0009279718315254"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cbi.2019.01.038","relation":{},"ISSN":["0009-2797"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0009-2797","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"An examination of the linear no-threshold hypothesis of cancer risk assessment: Introduction to a series of reviews documenting the lack of biological plausibility of LNT","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Chemico-Biological Interactions","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cbi.2019.01.038","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}