{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T17:48:25Z","timestamp":1789753705305,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":175,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chemico-Biological Interactions"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]],"date-time":"2021-03-30T13:30:57Z","timestamp":1617111057000},"page":"109449","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Role of phytoconstituents in the management of COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"341","author":[{"given":"Amiya","family":"Das","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepti","family":"Pandita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaurav Kumar","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3139-5589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pallavi","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajmer Singh","family":"Grewal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roop K.","family":"Khar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viney","family":"Lather","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib1","series-title":"WHO coronavirus disease (COVID-19) dashboard","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib2","first-page":"503","article-title":"Coronavirus (covid-19) and entrepreneurship: changing life and work landscape","volume":"32","author":"Ratten","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Small Bus. Enterpren."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib3","series-title":"Understanding Coronanomics: the economic implications of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic","author":"Barua","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.02.008","article-title":"Analysis of therapeutic targets for SARS-CoV-2 and discovery of potential drugs by computational methods","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25748","article-title":"Unique epidemiological and clinical features of the emerging 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID\u201019) implicate special control measures","volume":"92","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138605","article-title":"Assessing nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels as a contributing factor to the coronavirus (COVID-19) fatality rate","volume":"726","author":"Ogen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib7","first-page":"1775","article-title":"Case-fatality rate and characteristics of patients dying in relation to COVID-19 in Italy","volume":"323","author":"Onder","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108693","article-title":"Novel human coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): a lesson from animal coronaviruses","volume":"244","author":"Decaro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9041225","article-title":"The COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive review of taxonomy, genetics, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control","volume":"9","author":"Helmy","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3143","article-title":"A decade after SARS: strategies for controlling emerging coronaviruses","volume":"11","author":"Graham","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.197989","article-title":"Natural product-derived phytochemicals as potential agents against coronaviruses: a review","volume":"284","author":"Mani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2020.104327","article-title":"Recent progress and challenges in drug development against COVID-19 coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2)-an update on the status","volume":"83","author":"Abd El-Aziz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117883","article-title":"Potential therapeutic targets for combating SARS-CoV-2: drug repurposing, clinical trials and recent advancements","volume":"256","author":"Pandey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.03.026","article-title":"COVID-19, SARS and MERS: are they closely related?","volume":"26","author":"Petrosillo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.03.035","article-title":"A genomic perspective on the origin and emergence of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"181","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30211-7","article-title":"Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study","volume":"395","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138277","article-title":"COVID-19: a promising cure for the global panic","volume":"725","author":"Vellingiri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9030186","article-title":"Insights into the recent 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in light of past human coronavirus outbreaks","volume":"9","author":"Ashour","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-009-0547-x","article-title":"Ratification vote on taxonomic proposals to the international committee on taxonomy of viruses (2009)","volume":"155","author":"Carstens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0118-9","article-title":"Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses","volume":"17","author":"Cui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.3181\/0903-MR-94","article-title":"Coronavirus diversity, phylogeny and interspecies jumping","volume":"234","author":"Woo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-012-1423-7","article-title":"Antigenic and genetic characterization of a European avian-like H1N1 swine influenza virus from a boy in China in 2011","volume":"158","author":"Qi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.aivir.2018.01.001","article-title":"Hosts and sources of endemic human coronaviruses","volume":"100","author":"Corman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Virus Res."},{"issue":"Suppl2","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib24","first-page":"S103","article-title":"From SARS coronavirus to novel animal and human coronaviruses","volume":"5","author":"To","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.45472","article-title":"Zoonotic origins of human coronaviruses","volume":"16","author":"Ye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(95)90516-2","article-title":"Nucleocapsid and glycoprotein organization in an enveloped virus","volume":"80","author":"Cheng","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2020.165878","article-title":"Insights into SARS-CoV-2 genome, structure, evolution, pathogenesis and therapies: structural genomics approach","volume":"1866","author":"Naqvi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA) - Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-virology-110615-042301","article-title":"Structure, function, and evolution of coronavirus spike proteins","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annual Review of Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2020.100672","article-title":"Epidemiology, genome, and clinical features of the pandemic SARS-CoV-2: a recent view","volume":"35","author":"Abduljalil","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Microbes and New Infections"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib30","series-title":"On the origin and continuing evolution of SARS-CoV-2","author":"Tang","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib31","first-page":"63","article-title":"Corona virus SARS-CoV-2 disease COVID-19: infection, prevention and clinical advances of the prospective chemical drug therapeutics","volume":"7","author":"Chhikara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemical Biology Letters"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib32","first-page":"1","article-title":"A review on ayurvedic medicinal herbs as remedial perspective for COVID-19","volume":"3","author":"Gyawali","year":"2020","journal-title":"JKAHS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117831","article-title":"Unravelling lead antiviral phytochemicals for the inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro enzyme through in silico approach","volume":"255","author":"Gurung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib34","first-page":"377","article-title":"Plant secondary metabolites: biosynthesis, classification, function and pharmacological properties","volume":"2","author":"Kabera","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib35","series-title":"Nature to nurture-identifying phytochemicals from Indian medicinal plants as prophylactic medicine by rational screening to be potent against multiple drug targets of SARS-CoV-2","author":"Parida","year":"2020"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.3390\/v4061011","article-title":"Mechanisms of coronavirus cell entry mediated by the viral spike protein","volume":"4","author":"Belouzard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8801","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.16.8801-8811.2003","article-title":"The coronavirus spike protein is a class I virus fusion protein: structural and functional characterization of the fusion core complex","volume":"77","author":"Bosch","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1570","article-title":"Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis","volume":"203","author":"Hamming","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.3390\/v4040557","article-title":"Ready, set, fuse! the coronavirus spike protein and acquisition of fusion competence","volume":"4","author":"Heald-Sargent","year":"2012","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1080\/10409230802058320","article-title":"Structures and mechanisms of viral membrane fusion proteins: multiple variations on a common theme","volume":"43","author":"White","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13363","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.05300-11","article-title":"Cleavage and activation of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein by human airway trypsin-like protease","volume":"85","author":"Bertram","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02062-10","article-title":"A transmembrane serine protease is linked to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus receptor and activates virus entry","volume":"85","author":"Shulla","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1038\/d41573-020-00016-0","article-title":"Therapeutic options for the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11318","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01052-08","article-title":"The M, E, and N structural proteins of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus are required for efficient assembly, trafficking, and release of virus-like particles","volume":"82","author":"Siu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.08.010","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus E protein transports calcium ions and activates the NLRP3 inflammasome","volume":"485","author":"Nieto-Torres","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.20105114","article-title":"SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 receptor ACE 2 and TMPRSS 2 are primarily expressed in bronchial transient secretory cells","volume":"39","author":"Lukassen","year":"2020","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1002\/path.5471","article-title":"Angiotensin\u2010converting enzyme\u20102 (ACE2), SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 and pathophysiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID\u201019)","volume":"251","author":"Bourgonje","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib48","author":"Karthik"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138882","article-title":"COVID-19 outbreak: migration, effects on society, global environment and prevention","volume":"728","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9030623","article-title":"Potential rapid diagnostics, vaccine and therapeutics for 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV): a systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Pang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.317015","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2: SARS-CoV-2 receptor and regulator of the renin-angiotensin system: celebrating the 20th anniversary of the discovery of ACE2","volume":"126","author":"Gheblawi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-020-0153-3","article-title":"Network-based drug repurposing for novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV\/SARS-CoV-2","volume":"6","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Discovery"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-05985-9","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a SARS-CoV-2 receptor: molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic target","volume":"46","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2020.109721","article-title":"Drugs targeting various stages of the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle: exploring promising drugs for the treatment of Covid-19","volume":"74","author":"Poduri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Signal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2020.1760137","article-title":"Discovery of potential multi-target-directed ligands by targeting host-specific SARS-CoV-2 structurally conserved main protease","author":"Joshi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0290","article-title":"Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine for the prevention or treatment of COVID-19 in Africa: caution for inappropriate off-label use in healthcare settings","volume":"102","author":"Abena","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105938","article-title":"New insights on the antiviral effects of chloroquine against coronavirus: what to expect for COVID-19?","volume":"55","author":"Devaux","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-4-39","article-title":"Different pH requirements are associated with divergent inhibitory effects of chloroquine on human and avian influenza A viruses","volume":"4","author":"Di Trani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-018-0689-4","article-title":"Cardiac complications attributed to chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"41","author":"Chatre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-020-0156-0","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine, a less toxic derivative of chloroquine, is effective in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Discovery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.04.046","article-title":"Current status of potential therapeutic candidates for the COVID-19 crisis","volume":"87","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2411","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2012410","article-title":"Observational study of hydroxychloroquine in hospitalized patients with Covid-19","volume":"382","author":"Geleris","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.0c00272","article-title":"Research and development on therapeutic agents and vaccines for COVID-19 and related human coronavirus diseases","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Cent. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2000.0757","article-title":"Coronavirus spike proteins in viral entry and pathogenesis","volume":"279","author":"Gallagher","year":"2001","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor","volume":"181","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2342","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10280-3","article-title":"Structure of the SARS-CoV nsp12 polymerase bound to nsp7 and nsp8 co-factors","volume":"10","author":"Kirchdoerfer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4773","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.AC120.013056","article-title":"The antiviral compound remdesivir potently inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus","volume":"295","author":"Gordon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"2020","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib68","first-page":"1","article-title":"Natural products may interfere with SARS-CoV-2 attachment to the host cell","author":"Elfiky","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.aivir.2016.08.008","article-title":"The nonstructural proteins directing coronavirus RNA synthesis and processing","volume":"96","author":"Snijder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Virus Res."},{"issue":"5626","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1085658","article-title":"Coronavirus main proteinase (3CLpro) structure: basis for design of anti-SARS drugs","volume":"300","author":"Anand","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2020.104241","article-title":"Study of combining virtual screening and antiviral treatments of the Sars-CoV-2 (Covid-19)","volume":"146","author":"Khodadadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0849-9","article-title":"Lopinavir\u2013ritonavir in severe COVID-19","volume":"26","author":"Stower","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104859","article-title":"Candidate drugs against SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19","volume":"157","author":"McKee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib74","first-page":"1","article-title":"An update on current therapeutic drugs treating COVID-19","volume":"2020","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Current Pharmacology Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib75","article-title":"Inhibition of papain-like protease PLpro blocks SARS-CoV-2 spread and promotes anti-viral immunity","author":"Shin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Research Square"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15189","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.24.15189-15198.2005","article-title":"The papain-like protease of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus has deubiquitinating activity","volume":"79","author":"Barretto","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.06.017","article-title":"The stress-inducible molecular chaperone GRP78 as potential therapeutic target for coronavirus infection","volume":"81","author":"Ha","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9218","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M116.716100","article-title":"Glycopeptide antibiotics potently inhibit cathepsin L in the late endosome\/lysosome and block the entry of Ebola virus, middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)","volume":"291","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib79","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cathepsin B plays a key role in optimal production of the influenza A virus","author":"Coleman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Virology and Antiviral Research"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8722","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00253-07","article-title":"Clathrin-dependent entry of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus into target cells expressing ACE2 with the cytoplasmic tail deleted","volume":"81","author":"Inoue","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2008.15","article-title":"SARS coronavirus entry into host cells through a novel clathrin-and caveolae-independent endocytic pathway","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2020.4636","article-title":"A dissection of SARS CoV2 with clinical implications","volume":"46","author":"Stancioiu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587","article-title":"Cathepsin L-selective inhibitors: a potentially promising treatment for COVID-19 patients","volume":"213","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib84","series-title":"COVID-19 and therapeutic drugs repurposing in hand: the need for collaborative efforts","author":"Khan","year":"2020"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.45538","article-title":"Traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of patients infected with 2019-new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): a review and perspective","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2020.101214","article-title":"A narrative literature review on traditional medicine options for treatment of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"40","author":"Mirzaie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compl. Ther. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib87","article-title":"Potential Inhibitor of COVID-19 main protease (Mpro) from several medicinal plant compounds by molecular docking study","author":"Khaerunnisa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Preprints"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s13337-015-0276-6","article-title":"Herbal plants and plant preparations as remedial approach for viral diseases","volume":"26","author":"Ganjhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virusdisease"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2020.01.015","article-title":"Recent discovery and development of inhibitors targeting coronaviruses","volume":"25","author":"Pillaiyar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11334","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.20.11334-11339.2004","article-title":"Small molecules blocking the entry of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus into host cells","volume":"78","author":"Yi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2012.04.081","article-title":"Identification of myricetin and scutellarein as novel chemical inhibitors of the SARS coronavirus helicase, nsP13","volume":"22","author":"Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2009.02.001","article-title":"Procyanidins and butanol extract of Cinnamomi cortex inhibit SARS-CoV infection","volume":"82","author":"Zhuang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2010.09.035","article-title":"Biflavonoids from Torreya nucifera displaying SARS-CoV 3CLpro inhibition","volume":"18","author":"Ryu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3109\/14756366.2012.753591","article-title":"Phenolic phytochemical displaying SARS-CoV papain-like protease inhibition from the seeds of Psoralea corylifolia","volume":"29","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Enzym. Inhib. Med. Chem."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2013.03.027","article-title":"Geranylated flavonoids displaying SARS-CoV papain-like protease inhibition from the fruits of Paulownia tomentosa","volume":"21","author":"Cho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2005.07.002","article-title":"Anti-SARS coronavirus 3C-like protease effects of Isatis indigotica root and plant-derived phenolic compounds","volume":"68","author":"Lin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1080\/14756366.2016.1265519","article-title":"Evaluation of polyphenols from Broussonetia papyrifera as coronavirus protease inhibitors","volume":"32","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Enzym. Inhib. Med. Chem."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1093\/ecam\/neh081","article-title":"Inhibition of SARS-CoV 3C-like protease activity by theaflavin-3, 3'-digallate (TF3)","volume":"2","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Evid. base Compl. Alternative Med."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2013.04.026","article-title":"Dieckol, a SARS-CoV 3CLpro inhibitor, isolated from the edible brown algae Ecklonia cava","volume":"21","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b14-00026","article-title":"Papain-like protease (PLpro) inhibitory effects of cinnamic amides from Tribulus terrestris fruits","volume":"37","author":"Song","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.53.244","article-title":"Bioactive pyranoxanthones from the roots of Calophyllum blancoi","volume":"53","author":"Shen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2006.04.014","article-title":"Emodin blocks the SARS coronavirus spike protein and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 interaction","volume":"74","author":"Ho","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.200890045","article-title":"Phytochemical analysis and in vitro antiviral activities of the essential oils of seven Lebanon species","volume":"5","author":"Loizzo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2012.07.038","article-title":"Tanshinones as selective and slow-binding inhibitors for SARS-CoV cysteine proteases","volume":"20","author":"Park","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1517\/13543776.2013.823159","article-title":"Anti-SARS coronavirus agents: a patent review (2008\u2013present)","volume":"23","author":"Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Pat."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1177\/1934578X1200701103","article-title":"Anti-human coronavirus (anti-HCoV) triterpenoids from the leaves of Euphorbia neriifolia","volume":"7","author":"Chang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Natural Product Communications"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13659-020-00250-4","article-title":"Natural products as potential leads against coronaviruses: could they be encouraging structural models against SARS-CoV-2?","volume":"10","author":"Orhan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Natural Products and Bioprospecting"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10030366","article-title":"Antiviral action of Tryptanthrin isolated from Strobilanthes cusia leaf against human coronavirus NL63","volume":"10","author":"Tsai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9110696","article-title":"Natural bis-benzylisoquinoline alkaloids-tetrandrine, fangchinoline, and cepharanthine, inhibit human coronavirus OC43 infection of MRC-5 human lung cells","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.2006.04415.x","article-title":"Antiviral effects of saikosaponins on human coronavirus 229E in vitro","volume":"33","author":"Cheng","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2017.12.010","article-title":"Broad-spectrum antiviral activity of the eIF4A inhibitor silvestrol against corona-and picornaviruses","volume":"150","author":"Muller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.3109\/14756366.2014.1003215","article-title":"Chalcones isolated from Angelica keiskei inhibit cysteine proteases of SARS-CoV","volume":"31","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Enzym. Inhib. Med. Chem."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2036","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b12-00623","article-title":"Diarylheptanoids from Alnus japonica inhibit papain-like protease of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus","volume":"35","author":"Park","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2011.02.003","article-title":"Inhibition of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus replication in a lethal SARS-CoV BALB\/c mouse model by stinging nettle lectin, Urtica dioica agglutinin","volume":"90","author":"Kumaki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2511","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02322-09","article-title":"Broad-spectrum in vitro activity and in vivo efficacy of the antiviral protein griffithsin against emerging viruses of the family Coronaviridae","volume":"84","author":"O'Keefe","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib116","first-page":"1567","article-title":"Biological activities of flavonoids: an overview","volume":"10","author":"Karak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharmaceut. Sci. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1080\/14756366.2019.1690480","article-title":"Inhibition of SARS-CoV 3CL protease by flavonoids","volume":"35","author":"Jo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Enzym. Inhib. Med. Chem."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2015.06.021","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of flavonoids and their mechanism of action against microbial and viral infections\u2014a review","volume":"77","author":"Ahmad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib119","first-page":"1","article-title":"Identification of potent COVID-19 main protease (MPRO) inhibitors from flavonoids","author":"Chauhan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Research Square"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2707","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25112707","article-title":"Potential of flavonoid-inspired phytomedicines against COVID-19","volume":"25","author":"Ngwa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3764","DOI":"10.1021\/es803456n","article-title":"Molecular characterization of nitrogen-containing organic compounds in biomass burning aerosols using high-resolution mass spectrometry","volume":"43","author":"Laskin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.39.2.484","article-title":"Michellamine B, a novel plant alkaloid, inhibits human immunodeficiency virus-induced cell killing by at least two distinct mechanisms","volume":"39","author":"McMahon","year":"1995","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3390\/d12050175","article-title":"Potential of DNA intercalating alkaloids and other plant secondary metabolites against SARS-CoV-2 causing COVID-19","volume":"12","author":"Wink","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diversity"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.3906\/biy-2005-114","article-title":"Potentials of plant-based substance to inhabit and probable cure for the COVID-19","volume":"44","author":"Jahan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Turk. J. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib125","author":"Srivastava"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3390\/ph13030051","article-title":"Emetine, ipecac, ipecac alkaloids and analogues as potential antiviral agents for coronaviruses","volume":"13","author":"Bleasel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib127","series-title":"Phenolic Compound Biochemistry","author":"Vermerris","year":"2007"},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2005.11.004","article-title":"Structure\u2013radical scavenging activity relationships of phenolic compounds from traditional Chinese medicinal plants","volume":"78","author":"Cai","year":"2006","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.22270\/jddt.v9i5.3471","article-title":"Plant secondary metabolites of antiviral properties a rich medicinal source for drug discovery: a mini review","volume":"9","author":"Manivannan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Therapeut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20394","DOI":"10.1038\/srep20394","article-title":"Potent in vitro antiviral activity of Cistus incanus extract against HIV and Filoviruses targets viral envelope proteins","volume":"6","author":"Rebensburg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.00240","article-title":"May polyphenols have a role against coronavirus infection? An overview of in vitro evidence","volume":"7","author":"Annunziata","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.2072","article-title":"Pharmaceutical and therapeutic potentials of essential oils and their individual volatile constituents: a review","volume":"21","author":"Edris","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phytother Res."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2008.07.017","article-title":"Chemistry, antioxidant and antimicrobial investigations on essential oil and oleoresins of Zingiber officinale","volume":"46","author":"Singh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib134","first-page":"1138","article-title":"Effective antiviral activity of essential oils and their characteristic terpenes against coronaviruses: an update","volume":"8","author":"Nadjib","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Pharmacology & Clinical Toxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib135","article-title":"Eucalyptol (1, 8 cineole) from eucalyptus essential oil a potential inhibitor of COVID 19 corona virus infection by molecular docking studies","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Preprints"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib136","series-title":"Lipids and Essential Oils as Antimicrobial Agents","first-page":"203","article-title":"Chemistry and bioactivity of essential oils","author":"Carson","year":"2011"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib137","first-page":"8","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of essential oils obtained from plants grown in Colombia on yellow fever virus replication in vitro","volume":"8","author":"Meneses","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2005.05.002","article-title":"Extracts and molecules from medicinal plants against herpes simplex viruses","volume":"67","author":"Khan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-015-4809-0","article-title":"Eugenol, \u03b1-pinene and \u03b2-caryophyllene from Plectranthus barbatus essential oil as eco-friendly larvicides against malaria, dengue and Japanese encephalitis mosquito vectors","volume":"115","author":"Govindarajan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3012462","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3012462","article-title":"Antimicrobial properties of plant essential oils against human pathogens and their mode of action: an updated review","author":"Swamy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Evid. base Compl. Alternative Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/s11030-017-9736-9","article-title":"Synthetic approaches toward stilbenes and their related structures","volume":"21","author":"Khan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Divers."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib142","first-page":"340520","article-title":"Polyphenol stilbenes: molecular mechanisms of defence against oxidative stress and aging-related diseases","author":"Reinisalo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity"},{"issue":"2020","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib143","first-page":"1","article-title":"Targeting SARS-CoV-2 spike protein of COVID-19 with naturally occurring phytochemicals: an in silico study for drug development","author":"Pandey","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2020.1762743","article-title":"Stilbene-based natural compounds as promising drug candidates against COVID-19","volume":"2020","author":"Wahedi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2006.03.024","article-title":"Synthesis of stilbene derivatives with inhibition of SARS coronavirus replication","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2253-8","article-title":"Effective inhibition of MERS-CoV infection by resveratrol","volume":"17","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867013372193","article-title":"Glycosides in medicine: \u201cthe role of glycosidic residue in biological activity.\u201d","volume":"8","author":"Kren","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib148","series-title":"Antiviral, antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of South African plants containing cardiac glycosides","author":"Emamzadeh-Yazdi","year":"2013"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19298-x","article-title":"Cardiac glycoside\/aglycones inhibit HIV-1 gene expression by a mechanism requiring MEK1\/2-ERK1\/2 signaling","volume":"8","author":"Wong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3659","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-014-1615-2","article-title":"Antiviral strategies against influenza virus: towards new therapeutic approaches","volume":"71","author":"Loregian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1002\/med.21289","article-title":"Emerging antiviral strategies to interfere with influenza virus entry","volume":"34","author":"Vanderlinden","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Res. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-58443-3","article-title":"Antiviral activity of iridoid glycosides extracted from Fructus Gardeniae against influenza A virus by PACT-dependent suppression of viral RNA replication","volume":"10","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib153","series-title":"Natural products and their derivatives against coronavirus: a review of the non\u2010clinical and pre\u2010clinical data","first-page":"2020","author":"Islam","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib154","series-title":"Application and Characterization of Surfactants","first-page":"183","article-title":"Saponin-based, biological-active surfactants from plants","author":"Kregiel","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib155","series-title":"Saponins used in traditional and modern medicine","author":"Waller","year":"2013"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.82321-0","article-title":"Antiviral activity obtained from aqueous extracts of the Chilean soapbark tree (Quillaja saponaria Molina)","volume":"88","author":"Roner","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2020.103788","article-title":"Polyphyllosides A\u2013F, six new spirostanol saponins from the stems and leaves of Paris polyphylla var. chinensis","volume":"99","author":"Qin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioorg. Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-3542(87)90084-2","article-title":"In vitro antiviral activity of a saponin from Anagallis arvensis, Primulaceae, against herpes simplex virus and poliovirus","volume":"8","author":"Amoros","year":"1987","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109782","article-title":"Purposing saikosaponins for the treatment of COVID-19","volume":"140","author":"Bahbah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.2174\/138955708786140990","article-title":"Antimicrobial and antiviral activity of hydrolysable tannins","volume":"8","author":"Buzzini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mini Rev. Med. Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib161","first-page":"91","article-title":"Free radicals, antioxidants, diseases and phytomedicines: current status and future prospect","volume":"3","author":"Sen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharmaceut. Sci. Rev. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2032","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules16032032","article-title":"Antioxidant therapy as a potential approach to severe influenza-associated complications","volume":"16","author":"Uchide","year":"2011","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib163","article-title":"Anti-COVID-19 effects of ten structurally different hydrolysable tannins through binding with the catalytic-closed sites of COVID-19 main protease: an in-silico approach","author":"Khalifa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Preprints"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.2174\/157340606776930736","article-title":"Molecular modeling studies of peptide drug candidates against SARS","volume":"2","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.3126\/asta.v1i1.30276","article-title":"COVID-19 Ayurveda treatment protocol of governments of Nepal and India: a review and perspective","volume":"1","author":"Pandit","year":"2020","journal-title":"Applied Science and Technology Annals"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1002\/med.21391","article-title":"Anthraquinones as pharmacological tools and drugs","volume":"36","author":"Malik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Res. Rev."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6063","DOI":"10.1039\/C8FO01569D","article-title":"Health functions and structure\u2013activity relationships of natural anthraquinones from plants","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food & Function"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-3542(90)90071-E","article-title":"Anthraquinones as a new class of antiviral agents against human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"13","author":"Schinazi","year":"1990","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib169","article-title":"Anthraquinone derivatives as an immune booster and their therapeutic option against COVID-19","volume":"1\u201311","author":"Khanal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Natural Products and Bioprospecting"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib170","first-page":"1","article-title":"Naturally occurring anthraquinones as potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 main protease: a molecular docking study","volume":"2020","author":"Das","year":"2020","journal-title":"ChemRxiv"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.2174\/138955708785909943","article-title":"Antiviral activity of phytochemicals: a comprehensive review","volume":"8","author":"Naithani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mini Rev. Med. Chem."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2463","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.35.12.2463","article-title":"Inactivation of enveloped viruses by anthraquinones extracted from plants","volume":"35","author":"Sydiskis","year":"1991","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2020.03.009","article-title":"Structural basis of SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro and anti-COVID-19 drug discovery from medicinal plants","volume":"10","author":"Ul Qamar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis"},{"issue":"39","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23379","DOI":"10.1039\/D0RA03774E","article-title":"Natural products' role against COVID-19","volume":"10","author":"Da Silva Antonio","year":"2020","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449_bib175","article-title":"In silico studies reveal potential antiviral activity of phytochemicals from medicinal plants for the treatment of COVID-19 infection","volume":"2020","author":"Pandit","year":"2020","journal-title":"Research Square"}],"container-title":["Chemico-Biological Interactions"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0009279721000855?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0009279721000855?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,14]],"date-time":"2025-09-14T14:02:39Z","timestamp":1757858559000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0009279721000855"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"references-count":175,"alternative-id":["S0009279721000855"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449","relation":{},"ISSN":["0009-2797"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0009-2797","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Role of phytoconstituents in the management of COVID-19","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Chemico-Biological Interactions","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109449","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"109449"}}