{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T15:50:55Z","timestamp":1790351455696,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chemico-Biological Interactions"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]],"date-time":"2023-07-28T03:42:39Z","timestamp":1690515759000},"page":"110651","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Recent advances in the pharmacological applications and liver toxicity of triptolide"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"382","author":[{"given":"Dongxiao","family":"Cui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dingqiao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shijun","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaoqun","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruijia","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenfu","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuping","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1002\/med.21762","article-title":"Tripterygium wilfordii: an inspiring resource for rheumatoid arthritis treatment","volume":"41","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B1900607","article-title":"Use of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F for immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: progress and future prospects","volume":"21","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Univ. - Sci. B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19020376","article-title":"The effect of triptolide in rheumatoid arthritis: from basic research towards clinical translation","volume":"19","author":"Fan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s11596-020-2302-1","article-title":"Triptolide inhibits expression of inflammatory cytokines and proliferation of fibroblast-like synoviocytes induced by IL-6\/sIL-6R-mediated JAK2\/STAT3 signaling pathway","volume":"41","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2018.06.012","article-title":"Triptolide inhibits the inflammatory activities of neutrophils to ameliorate chronic arthritis","volume":"101","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7199","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.57745","article-title":"Triptolide: pharmacological spectrum, biosynthesis, chemical synthesis and derivatives","volume":"11","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2022.153351","article-title":"A metabolomic approach to study triptolide-induced ovarian damage in rats","volume":"482","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2022.06.009","article-title":"New mechanism of nephrotoxicity of triptolide: oxidative stress promotes cGAS-STING signaling pathway","volume":"188","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2015.08.004","article-title":"Protection of Quercetin against Triptolide-induced apoptosis by suppressing oxidative stress in rat Leydig cells","volume":"240","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114470","article-title":"Friend or foe? The dual role of triptolide in the liver, kidney, and heart","volume":"161","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib11","article-title":"The molecular pathogenesis of triptolide-induced hepatotoxicity","volume":"13","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2020.08.007","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis of transcriptomics and metabolomics to understand triptolide-induced liver injury in mice","volume":"333","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib13","article-title":"Inflammation aggravated the hepatotoxicity of triptolide by oxidative stress, lipid metabolism disorder, autophagy, and apoptosis in zebrafish","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-00816-x","article-title":"The immunology of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"22","author":"Weyand","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2019.102400","article-title":"The etiology of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"110","author":"Scherer","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2019.106179","article-title":"Prediction of triptolide targets in rheumatoid arthritis using network pharmacology and molecular docking","volume":"80","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.108911","article-title":"Triptolide suppresses human synoviocyte MH7A cells mobility and maintains redox balance by inhibiting autophagy","volume":"115","author":"Xie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1080\/1061186X.2022.2070173","article-title":"Macrophage targeted triptolide micelles capable of cGAS-STING pathway inhibition for rheumatoid arthritis treatment","volume":"30","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Drug Target."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2021.1986603","article-title":"Transdermal delivery of triptolide-phospholipid complex to treat rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2021.02.001","article-title":"Synergetic delivery of triptolide and Ce6 with light-activatable liposomes for efficient hepatocellular carcinoma therapy","volume":"11","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.7326\/AITC202006020","article-title":"Systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"172","author":"Kiriakidou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2019.02.047","article-title":"Triptolide ameliorates lupus via the induction of miR-125a-5p mediating Treg upregulation","volume":"71","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-022-06400-y","article-title":"Transcriptional expression of CXCL10 and STAT1 in lupus nephritis and the intervention effect of triptolide","volume":"42","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2012.04221.x","article-title":"Triptolide in the treatment of psoriasis and other immune-mediated inflammatory diseases","volume":"74","author":"Han","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/7468396","article-title":"Triptolide inhibits Th17 response by upregulating microRNA-204-5p and suppressing STAT3 phosphorylation in psoriasis","volume":"2022","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105678","article-title":"Triptolide analog LLDT-8 ameliorates psoriasis-like dermatitis in BALB\/c mice via suppressing the IL-36\u03b1 signaling pathway","volume":"169","author":"Qi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI121987","article-title":"PTEN-induced partial epithelial-mesenchymal transition drives diabetic kidney disease","volume":"129","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvaa029","article-title":"The role of podocytes and podocyte-associated biomarkers in diagnosis and treatment of diabetic kidney disease","volume":"4","author":"Kravets","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Endocr. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2020.9214","article-title":"Diagnostic value of VDBP and miR-155-5p in diabetic nephropathy and the correlation with urinary microalbumin","volume":"20","author":"Bai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12275","DOI":"10.1080\/21655979.2022.2067293","article-title":"Triptolide inhibits oxidative stress and inflammation via the microRNA-155-5p\/brain-derived neurotrophic factor to reduce podocyte injury in mice with diabetic nephropathy","volume":"13","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioengineered"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.2174\/1871530320666201208110209","article-title":"Triptolide improves renal injury in diabetic nephropathy rats through TGF-\u03b21\/smads signal pathway","volume":"21","author":"Pang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocr., Metab. Immune Disord.: Drug Targets"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.2174\/1389200219666180816141506","article-title":"Preclinical pharmacokinetics of triptolide: a potential antitumor drug","volume":"20","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Metabol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-021-00154-z","article-title":"Channelling inflammation: gasdermins in physiology and disease","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-021-01995-7","article-title":"Natural product triptolide induces GSDME-mediated pyroptosis in head and neck cancer through suppressing mitochondrial hexokinase-\u0399\u0399","volume":"40","author":"Cai","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2018.01.052","article-title":"Anti-tumor effects of triptolide on angiogenesis and cell apoptosis in osteosarcoma cells by inducing autophagy via repressing Wnt\/\u03b2-Catenin signaling","volume":"496","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-021-01095-w","article-title":"Sorafenib and triptolide loaded cancer cell-platelet hybrid membrane-camouflaged liquid crystalline lipid nanoparticles for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib37","article-title":"Triptolide enhances carboplatin-induced apoptosis by inhibiting nucleotide excision repair (NER) activity in melanoma","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib38","article-title":"Triptolide promotes ferroptosis by suppressing Nrf2 to overcome leukemia cell resistance to doxorubicin","volume":"27","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2019.03.002","article-title":"Triptolide and its derivatives as cancer therapies","volume":"40","author":"Noel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2475","DOI":"10.2217\/fon-2021-1609","article-title":"A phase II trial of the super-enhancer inhibitor Minnelide\u2122 in advanced refractory adenosquamous carcinoma of the pancreas","volume":"18","author":"Skorupan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Future Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib41","article-title":"The effect of triptolide-loaded exosomes on the proliferation and apoptosis of human ovarian cancer SKOV3 cells","volume":"2019","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.592084","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of triptolide as an anti-inflammatory agent in dextran sulfate sodium-induced murine experimental colitis","volume":"11","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-023-02847-8","article-title":"Triptolide attenuates irritable bowel syndrome via inhibiting ODC1","volume":"23","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/879405","article-title":"Reproductive toxicity of triptolide in male house rat, Rattus rattus","volume":"2014","author":"Singla","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4299","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.4299","article-title":"Metabolic alterations in triptolide-induced acute hepatotoxicity","volume":"32","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Chromatogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1515\/biol-2021-0016","article-title":"Metabolic profiling of fatty acids in Tripterygium wilfordii multiglucoside- and triptolide-induced liver-injured rats","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1177\/09603271211006167","article-title":"Metabolic profiling of 19 amino acids in triptolide-induced liver injured rats by gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry","volume":"40","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00260","article-title":"Activation of Sirt1\/FXR signaling pathway attenuates triptolide-induced hepatotoxicity in rats","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2015.06.007","article-title":"Activation of the farnesoid X receptor attenuates triptolide-induced liver toxicity","volume":"22","author":"Jin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.07.068","article-title":"FXR inhibits endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced NLRP3 inflammasome in hepatocytes and ameliorates liver injury","volume":"24","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1590\/0001-3765201920181257","article-title":"Protective effect of vitamin C on triptolide-induced acute hepatotoxicity in mice through mitigation of oxidative stress","volume":"91","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"An. Acad. Bras. Cienc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114489","article-title":"Role of MicroRNA-155 in triptolide-induced hepatotoxicity via the Nrf2-dependent pathway","volume":"281","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib53","article-title":"Triptolide induces liver injury by regulating macrophage recruitment and polarization via the Nrf2 signaling pathway","volume":"2022","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2023.03.011","article-title":"Variable p53\/Nrf2 crosstalk contributes to triptolide-induced hepatotoxic process","author":"Hou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2508952","article-title":"Arctiin antagonizes triptolide-induced hepatotoxicity via activation of Nrf2 pathway","volume":"2020","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib56","first-page":"394","article-title":"Isoliquiritigenin protects against triptolide-induced hepatotoxicity in mice through Nrf2 activation","volume":"71","author":"Cao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmazie"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2018.1472676","article-title":"Licorice root extract and magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate protect against triptolide-induced hepatotoxicity via up-regulation of the Nrf2 pathway","volume":"25","author":"Tan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2019.01.016","article-title":"Catalpol and panax notoginseng saponins synergistically alleviate triptolide-induced hepatotoxicity through Nrf2\/ARE pathway","volume":"56","author":"Feng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicol. Vitro"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib59","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rb1 attenuates triptolide-induced cytotoxicity in HL-7702 cells via the activation of Keap1\/Nrf2\/ARE pathway","volume":"12","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.522","article-title":"XPB, a subunit of TFIIH, is a target of the natural product triptolide","volume":"7","author":"Titov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2018.10.024","article-title":"Triptolide impairs thioredoxin system by suppressing Notch1-mediated PTEN\/Akt\/Txnip signaling in hepatocytes","volume":"300","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.13622","article-title":"Defective mitophagy in aged macrophages promotes mitochondrial DNA cytosolic leakage to activate STING signaling during liver sterile inflammation","volume":"21","author":"Zhong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2020.111240","article-title":"Mechanisms and pathophysiological significance of sterile inflammation during acetaminophen hepatotoxicity","volume":"138","author":"Jaeschke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2023.01.009","article-title":"Kupffer-cell-derived IL-6 is repurposed for hepatocyte dedifferentiation via activating progenitor genes from injury-specific enhancers","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2694","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02694","article-title":"Understanding the heterogeneity of resident liver macrophages","volume":"10","author":"Bl\u00e9riot","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2279","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14940","article-title":"Hepatic macrophages: key players in the development and progression of liver fibrosis","volume":"41","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2018.08.017","article-title":"Possible role of hepatic macrophage recruitment and activation in triptolide-induced hepatotoxicity","volume":"299","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.981996","article-title":"Macrophage malfunction in Triptolide-induced indirect hepatotoxicity","volume":"13","author":"Qin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib69","first-page":"789","article-title":"Protective effects of silymarin on triptolide-induced acute hepatotoxicity in rats","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2019.01.005","article-title":"A new perspective of triptolide-associated hepatotoxicity: liver hypersensitivity upon LPS stimulation","volume":"414","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.02.009","article-title":"A new perspective of triptolide-associated hepatotoxicity: the relevance of NF- \u03ba B and NF- \u03ba B-mediated cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein","volume":"10","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2020.100889","article-title":"The NLRP3 inflammasome: mechanism of action, role in disease and therapies","volume":"76","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Aspect. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2019.105754","article-title":"The role of inflammasome activation in Triptolide-induced acute liver toxicity","volume":"75","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15514","article-title":"Cleavage of GSDMD by inflammatory caspases determines pyroptotic cell death","volume":"526","author":"Shi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15541","article-title":"Caspase-11 cleaves gasdermin D for non-canonical inflammasome signalling","volume":"526","author":"Kayagaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib76","article-title":"Obeticholic acid improved triptolide\/lipopolysaccharide-induced hepatotoxicity by inhibiting caspase-11-GSDMD pyroptosis pathway","author":"Liang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2019.01.067","article-title":"Role of PPAR receptor in different diseases and their ligands: physiological importance and clinical implications","volume":"166","author":"Mirza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.10.039","article-title":"Molecular mechanism of PPAR\u03b1 action and its impact on lipid metabolism, inflammation and fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"62","author":"Pawlak","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1517\/14728222.2012.715633","article-title":"PPAR\u03b1 as a therapeutic target in inflammation-associated diseases","volume":"16","author":"Gervois","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Targets"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115090","article-title":"Metabolomics reveals the role of PPAR\u03b1 in Tripterygium Wilfordii-induced liver injury","volume":"289","author":"Dai","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfz146","article-title":"The protective roles of PPAR\u03b1 activation in triptolide-induced liver injury","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1080\/00498250802503359","article-title":"Characterization of triptolide hydroxylation by cytochrome P450 in human and rat liver microsomes","volume":"38","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Xenobiotica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.4864","article-title":"Effect of CYP3A4 on liver injury induced by triptolide","volume":"34","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Chromatogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-016-1504-3","article-title":"Triptolide induces hepatotoxicity via inhibition of CYP450s in Rat liver microsomes","volume":"17","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Compl. Alternative Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S775","DOI":"10.1177\/09603271211056330","article-title":"Triptolide regulates oxidative stress and inflammation leading to hepatotoxicity via inducing CYP2E1","volume":"40","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-017-2435-0","article-title":"Functions of pregnane X receptor in self-detoxification","volume":"49","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1517\/17425255.2014.963555","article-title":"Pregnane X receptor and drug-induced liver injury","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expet Opin. Drug Metabol. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2021.02.008","article-title":"Triptolide and atorvastatin synergistically promote hepatotoxicity in cultured hepatocytes and female Sprague-Dawley rats by inhibiting pregnane X receptor-mediated transcriptional activation of CYP3A4","volume":"342","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2009.30","article-title":"Natural killer T cells: an unconventional T-cell subset with diverse effector and regulatory functions","volume":"129","author":"Balato","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2020.111777","article-title":"The role of invariant natural killer T cells and associated immunoregulatory factors in triptolide-induced cholestatic liver injury","volume":"146","author":"Zou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-018-0084-9","article-title":"Activation of natural killer T cells contributes to triptolide-induced liver injury in mice","volume":"39","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib92","article-title":"Activation of cDCs and iNKT cells contributes to triptolide-induced hepatotoxicity via STING signaling pathway and endoplasmic reticulum stress","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1004965","article-title":"The pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"365","author":"McInnes","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115422","article-title":"Th17\/Treg imbalance mediates hepatic intolerance to exogenous lipopolysaccharide and exacerbates liver injury in triptolide induced excessive immune response","volume":"295","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.02.024","article-title":"Gut microbiota, a new frontier to understand traditional Chinese medicines","volume":"142","author":"Feng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11278","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.47289","article-title":"Targeting gut microbiota for precision medicine: focusing on the efficacy and toxicity of drugs","volume":"10","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104453","article-title":"Gut microbiota modulation with traditional Chinese medicine: a system biology-driven approach","volume":"148","author":"Yue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-320204","article-title":"Interaction between drugs and the gut microbiome","volume":"69","author":"Weersma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.20","article-title":"Gut microbiota modulation of chemotherapy efficacy and toxicity","volume":"14","author":"Alexander","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25030606","article-title":"Transforming of triptolide into characteristic metabolites by the gut microbiota","volume":"25","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115224","article-title":"Antibiotic pretreatment promotes orally-administered triptolide absorption and aggravates hepatotoxicity and intestinal injury in mice","volume":"292","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104752","article-title":"Gut microbiota protects from triptolide-induced hepatotoxicity: key role of propionate and its downstream signalling events","volume":"155","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1177\/1091581819864518","article-title":"Autophagy in triptolide-mediated cytotoxicity in hepatic cells","volume":"38","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2017.12.033","article-title":"Triptolide-induced hepatotoxicity can be alleviated when combined with Panax notoginseng saponins and Catapol","volume":"214","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.3837","article-title":"Triptolide-induced hepatotoxicity via apoptosis and autophagy in zebrafish","volume":"39","author":"Huo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib106","article-title":"Protection of catalpol against triptolide-induced hepatotoxicity by inhibiting excessive autophagy via the PERK-ATF4-CHOP pathway","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00813","article-title":"Triptolide induces apoptosis through fas death and mitochondrial pathways in HepaRG cell line","volume":"9","author":"You","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E34","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1296-y","article-title":"Mitochondrial fission requires DRP1 but not dynamins","volume":"570","author":"Fonseca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202100067R","article-title":"Mitochondrial fusion and fission: the fine-tune balance for cellular homeostasis","volume":"35","author":"Adebayo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Faseb. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1080\/15376516.2019.1669247","article-title":"Mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in triptolide-induced hepatotoxicity is associated with the Drp1 activation","volume":"30","author":"Hasnat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxicol. Mech. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s10565-018-9447-8","article-title":"Drp1-associated mitochondrial dysfunction and mitochondrial autophagy: a novel mechanism in triptolide-induced hepatotoxicity","volume":"35","author":"Hasnat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Toxicol."}],"container-title":["Chemico-Biological Interactions"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0009279723003186?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0009279723003186?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T15:43:01Z","timestamp":1736350981000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0009279723003186"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"references-count":111,"alternative-id":["S0009279723003186"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651","relation":{},"ISSN":["0009-2797"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0009-2797","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Recent advances in the pharmacological applications and liver toxicity of triptolide","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Chemico-Biological Interactions","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110651","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"110651"}}