{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T18:16:32Z","timestamp":1769796992428,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004731","name":"Zhejiang Province Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chemico-Biological Interactions"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.111914","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T00:03:37Z","timestamp":1768262617000},"page":"111914","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Environmental pyridinium disinfectants impair cortisol metabolism via 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 inhibition: A cross-species risk evaluation"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"426","author":[{"given":"Chaochao","family":"Gong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiuzhi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xishi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3448-9823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ren-shan","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Youming","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.111914_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.178020","article-title":"Challenges of quaternary ammonium antimicrobial agents: mechanisms, resistance, persistence and impacts on the microecology","volume":"958","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.111914_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.123809","article-title":"Factors affecting mass inflow of quaternary ammonium compounds into Japanese sewage treatment plants","volume":"373","author":"Hanamoto","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.111914_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2274","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-024-05119-7","article-title":"Cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) and its formulated mouthwash reduce the infectivity of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans in Mono and dual state","volume":"197","author":"Sangavi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.111914_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2024.108817","article-title":"Quaternary ammonium compound exposure causes infertility by altering endocrine signaling and gametogenesis","volume":"132","author":"Kirkpatrick","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.111914_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1039\/D4RA07975B","article-title":"A dual antibacterial action of soft quaternary ammonium compounds: bacteriostatic effects, membrane integrity, and reduced in vitro and in vivo toxicity","volume":"15","author":"Crn\u010devi\u0107","year":"2025","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.111914_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800095-3.00013-4","article-title":"Environmental pollutants and hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases","volume":"94","author":"Ye","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vitam. Horm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.111914_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2011.04.007","article-title":"Environmental inhibitors of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2","volume":"285","author":"Ma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.111914_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.114715","article-title":"Direct inhibition of bisphenols on human and rat 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2: Structure-activity relationship and docking analysis","volume":"254","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.111914_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2007.03.020","article-title":"Endogenous inhibitors (GALFs) of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase isoforms 1 and 2: derivatives of adrenally produced corticosterone and cortisol","volume":"104","author":"Morris","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.111914_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2005.08.006","article-title":"Endogenous selective inhibitors of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase isoforms 1 and 2 of adrenal origin","volume":"243","author":"Latif","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.111914_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111210","article-title":"11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: a growing multi-tasking family","volume":"526","author":"Gomez-Sanchez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.111914_bib12","first-page":"335","article-title":"Apparent mineralocorticoid excess in the pediatric population: report of a novel pathogenic variant of the 11beta-HSD2 gene and systematic review of the literature","volume":"16","author":"Adamidis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Endocrinol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.111914_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2012.08.012","article-title":"Glucocorticoid excess and the developmental origins of disease: two decades of testing the hypothesis--2012 curt richter award winner","volume":"38","author":"Reynolds","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.111914_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7578","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M116.765800","article-title":"A repressive role of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 in 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 expression in the human placenta","volume":"292","author":"Zuo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.111914_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00532.2009","article-title":"Direct Fibrogenic Effects of Aldosterone on Normotensive Kidney: An Effect Modified by 11{beta}-HSD Activity","author":"Brem","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.111914_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2005.09.006","article-title":"Hypoxia blocks 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 induction in human trophoblast cells during differentiation by a time-dependent mechanism that involves both translation and transcription","volume":"27","author":"Homan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.111914_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(03)01359-7","article-title":"Inhibition of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 by dithiocarbamates","volume":"308","author":"Atanasov","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.111914_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2006.06.001","article-title":"Reduction of glucocorticoid receptor ligand binding by the 11-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 inhibitor","volume":"71","author":"Garbrecht","year":"2006","journal-title":"Thiram, Steroids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.111914_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1006\/jcis.1999.6413","article-title":"Surface properties of alkylpyridinium chlorides and the applicability of the pendant drop technique","volume":"218","author":"Semmler","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.111914_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.8145","article-title":"Determination of critical micelle concentration of ionic and non-ionic surfactants by streaming potential measurements","volume":"46","author":"Chenyakin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.111914_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.123.001345","article-title":"Characterization of xenobiotic and steroid disposition potential of human placental tissue and cell lines (BeWo, JEG-3, JAR, and HTR-8\/SVneo) by quantitative proteomics","volume":"51","author":"Kruger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug Metabol. Dispos.: the biological fate of chemicals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.111914_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D439","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab1061","article-title":"AlphaFold protein structure database: massively expanding the structural coverage of protein-sequence space with high-accuracy models","volume":"50","author":"Varadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.111914_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03819-2","article-title":"Highly accurate protein structure prediction with AlphaFold","volume":"596","author":"Jumper","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.111914_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6338","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27196338","article-title":"Homology modeling, molecular docking, molecular dynamic simulation, and drug-likeness of the modified alpha-mangostin against the beta-tubulin protein of acanthamoeba keratitis","volume":"27","author":"Ongtanasup","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.111914_bib25","article-title":"Boltz-2: towards accurate and efficient binding affinity prediction","author":"Passaro","year":"2025","journal-title":"bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.111914_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W478","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaf377","article-title":"ProteinsPlus: a publicly available resource for protein structure mining","volume":"53","author":"Ehrt","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.111914_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2023.113739","article-title":"Halogen atoms determine the inhibitory potency of halogenated bisphenol A derivatives on human and rat placental 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2","volume":"175","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol. : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.111914_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1021\/ci049714+","article-title":"ZINC--a free database of commercially available compounds for virtual screening","volume":"45","author":"Irwin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Chem. Inf. Model."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.111914_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab255","article-title":"ADMETlab 2.0: an integrated online platform for accurate and comprehensive predictions of ADMET properties","volume":"49","author":"Xiong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.111914_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2017.02.021","article-title":"Recent advances in the study of 11beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11beta-HSD2)Inhibitors","volume":"52","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.111914_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2023.153484","article-title":"Direct inhibition of human and rat 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 by per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances: Structure-activity relationship and in silico docking analysis","volume":"488","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.111914_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2023.114415","article-title":"Chalcones from plants cause toxicity by inhibiting human and rat 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2: 3D-quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) and in silico docking analysis","volume":"184","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol. : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.111914_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2008.12.006","article-title":"The (+)- and (-)-gossypols potently inhibit human and rat 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2","volume":"113","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.111914_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2010.12.019","article-title":"Characterization of activity and binding mode of glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives inhibiting 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2","author":"Kratschmar","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.111914_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20990","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c05481","article-title":"Chain length-dependent inhibition of human and rat placental aromatase by benzalkonium disinfectants: experimental, quantitative structure-activity relationship, and in silico docking insights","volume":"59","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.111914_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30950","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M201844200","article-title":"NAD binding induces conformational changes in Rho ADP-ribosylating clostridium botulinum C3 exoenzyme","volume":"277","author":"M\u00e9n\u00e9trey","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.111914_bib37","first-page":"135","article-title":"11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and the syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess","volume":"18","author":"White","year":"1997","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.111914_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.115.128066","article-title":"The role of placental 11-Beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 and type 2 methylation on gene expression and infant birth weight","volume":"92","author":"Green","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.111914_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7645","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c08244","article-title":"Quaternary ammonium compounds: a chemical class of emerging concern","volume":"57","author":"Arnold","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.111914_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.115613","article-title":"Risks of benzalkonium chlorides as emerging contaminants in the environment and possible control strategies from the perspective of ecopharmacovigilance","volume":"266","author":"Liao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."}],"container-title":["Chemico-Biological Interactions"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0009279726000220?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0009279726000220?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T04:50:16Z","timestamp":1769748616000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0009279726000220"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":40,"alternative-id":["S0009279726000220"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.111914","relation":{},"ISSN":["0009-2797"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0009-2797","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Environmental pyridinium disinfectants impair cortisol metabolism via 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 inhibition: A cross-species risk evaluation","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Chemico-Biological Interactions","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.111914","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"111914"}}