{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T13:20:17Z","timestamp":1783603217532,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003286","name":"Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003286","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001790","name":"Central Queensland University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001790","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chemico-Biological Interactions"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.112211","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T16:14:28Z","timestamp":1781626468000},"page":"112211","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Toxicity of plastic diesel exhaust in primary human airway epithelial cell cultures"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"436","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1543-6304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine R.","family":"Landwehr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wisam K.","family":"Hussam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4087-930X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Nurun","family":"Nabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0209-5336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Islam","family":"Jahirul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad G.","family":"Rasul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4039-0969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashfaque Ahmed","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arne","family":"Bredin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Catchpole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Kicic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander N.","family":"Larcombe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin J.","family":"Mullins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.112211_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.10.015","article-title":"Plastics to fuel: a review","volume":"54","author":"Kunwar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.112211_bib2","series-title":"Annual Production of Plastics Worldwide from 1950 to 2023 in","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.112211_bib3","article-title":"The world of plastic waste: a review","volume":"11","author":"Nayanathara Thathsarani Pilapitiya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clean. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.112211_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141772","article-title":"Single-use plastics: production, usage, disposal, and adverse impacts","volume":"752","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.112211_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.horiz.2022.100016","article-title":"Sustainable materials alternative to petrochemical plastics pollution: a review analysis","volume":"2","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustainable Horizons"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.112211_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5233","DOI":"10.3390\/su15065233","article-title":"The devastation of waste plastic on the environment and remediation processes: a critical review","volume":"15","author":"Khoaele","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.112211_bib7","article-title":"Recent trends in degradation of microplastics in the environment: a state-of-the-art review","volume":"11","author":"Sutkar","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.112211_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22843","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c09524","article-title":"Effects of microplastic exposure on human digestive, reproductive, and respiratory health: a rapid systematic review","volume":"58","author":"Chartres","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.112211_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15030617","article-title":"Microplastics: a real global threat for environment and food safety: a state of the art review","volume":"15","author":"Ziani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.112211_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7068","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b01517","article-title":"Human consumption of microplastics","volume":"53","author":"Cox","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.112211_bib11","first-page":"16","article-title":"Microplastics in the human body: exposure, detection, and risk of carcinogenesis: a State-of-the-Art review","author":"Dzier\u017cy\u0144ski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.112211_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1038\/s44296-024-00024-w","article-title":"Plastic recycling: a panacea or environmental pollution problem","volume":"2","author":"Singh","year":"2024","journal-title":"npj Materials Sustainability"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.112211_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4781","DOI":"10.1007\/s12206-016-0950-7","article-title":"Experimental evaluation of waste plastic oil and its blends on a single cylinder diesel engine","volume":"30","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mech. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.112211_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5330","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-09148-2","article-title":"Energy recovery of waste plastics into diesel fuel with ethanol and ethoxy ethyl acetate additives on circular economy strategy","volume":"12","author":"Padmanabhan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.112211_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2016.11.016","article-title":"Combustion, performance and emission analysis of a DI diesel engine using plastic pyrolysis oil","volume":"157","author":"Kalargaris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fuel Process. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.112211_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10070","DOI":"10.1039\/D3RA08150H","article-title":"The influence of plastic pyrolysis oil on fuel lubricity and diesel engine performance","volume":"14","author":"Pumpuang","year":"2024","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.112211_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20542","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.1c07345","article-title":"Utilizing waste plastic bottle-based pyrolysis oil as an alternative fuel","volume":"7","author":"Maithomklang","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.112211_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163756","article-title":"Waste plastics pyrolytic oil is a source of diesel fuel: a recent review on diesel engine performance, emissions, and combustion characteristics","volume":"886","author":"Faisal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.112211_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2020.106394","article-title":"Notable reductions in blow-by and particle emissions during cold and hot start operations from a turbocharged diesel engine using oxygenated fuels","volume":"203","author":"Nabi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fuel Process. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.112211_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2019.05.072","article-title":"Influence of diglyme addition to diesel-biodiesel blends on notable reductions of particulate matter and number emissions","volume":"253","author":"Nabi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.112211_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2015.03.012","article-title":"Experimental and kinetic modeling study of the shock tube ignition of a large oxygenated fuel: Tri-propylene glycol mono-methyl ether","volume":"162","author":"Burke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Combust. Flame"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.112211_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1080\/15376516.2019.1636441","article-title":"Effects of selenium supplementation on lung oxidative stress after exposure to exhaust emissions from pyrolysis oil, biodiesel and diesel","volume":"29","author":"Fawaz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicol. Mech. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.112211_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420350306","article-title":"Relative potency of four ethylene glycol ethers for induction of paw malformations in the CD-1 mouse","volume":"35","author":"Hardin","year":"1987","journal-title":"Teratology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.112211_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1080\/15287398509530633","article-title":"Developmental toxicity of nine selected compounds following prenatal exposure in the mouse: naphthalene, p-nitrophenol, sodium selenite, dimethyl phthalate, ethylenethiourea, and four glycol ether derivatives","volume":"15","author":"Plasterer","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.112211_bib25","series-title":"International Agency for the Research on Cancer","article-title":"Agents classified by the IARC monographs, volumes 1\u2013120","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.112211_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.3390\/jox13040043","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis of titanium oxide nanoparticle size and surface properties on neuronal PC-12 cells: unraveling cytotoxicity, dopaminergic gene expression, and acetylcholinesterase inhibition","volume":"13","author":"Suthar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Xenobiotics"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.112211_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14640","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c03806","article-title":"Biodiesel exhaust toxicity with and without diethylene Glycol Dimethyl Ether fuel additive in primary airway epithelial cells grown at the air\u2013liquid interface","volume":"56","author":"Landwehr","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.112211_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200603-392OC","article-title":"Intrinsic biochemical and functional differences in bronchial epithelial cells of children with asthma","volume":"174","author":"Kicic","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.112211_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-17952-4","article-title":"Conditionally reprogrammed primary airway epithelial cells maintain morphology, lineage and disease specific functional characteristics","volume":"7","author":"Martinovich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.112211_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mex.2021.101561","article-title":"In vitro primary human airway epithelial whole exhaust exposure","volume":"8","author":"Landwehr","year":"2021","journal-title":"MethodsX"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.112211_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxae062","article-title":"Airborne particulate matter and diesel engine exhaust on infrastructure construction sites in the copenhagen metropolitan area","volume":"68","author":"Ferree","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Work Exposures Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.112211_bib32","volume":"R","author":"Team","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.112211_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.09.101","article-title":"Experimental characterisation of a diesel engine running on polypropylene oils produced at different pyrolysis temperatures","volume":"211","author":"Kalargaris","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.112211_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2024.133712","article-title":"Pragmatic investigation of the effect of ether additives on biodiesel combustion to reduce NOx and other harmful emissions","volume":"382","author":"Doppalapudi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.112211_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joei.2023.101227","article-title":"A comprehensive review on the effect of ethers, antioxidants, and cetane improver additives on biodiesel-diesel blend in CI engine performance and emission characteristics","volume":"108","author":"Mohammed","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Energy Inst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.112211_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s12403-020-00379-0","article-title":"Critical review of diesel exhaust exposure health impact research relevant to occupational settings: are we controlling the wrong pollutants?","volume":"13","author":"Landwehr","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expo. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.112211_bib37","first-page":"1624","volume":"2","author":"Hussar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Apoptosis Regulators Bcl-2 and Caspase-3, Encyclopedia"},{"issue":"2024","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.112211_bib38","article-title":"Diesel exhaust particles alter mitochondrial bioenergetics and cAMP producing capacity in human bronchial epithelial cells","volume":"6","author":"Cattani-Cavalieri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Frontiers in Toxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.112211_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L624","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.90215.2008","article-title":"Cigarette smoke-induced expression of heme oxygenase-1 in human lung fibroblasts is regulated by intracellular glutathione","volume":"295","author":"Baglole","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.112211_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2022.109444","article-title":"Polystyrene microplastics induce apoptosis in chicken testis via crosstalk between NF-\u03baB and Nrf2 pathways","volume":"262","author":"Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.112211_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.3109\/08958378.2011.625454","article-title":"Physiological and inflammatory responses in an anthropomorphically relevant model of acute diesel exhaust particle exposure are sex and dose-dependent","volume":"23","author":"Boylen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Inhal. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.112211_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2024.142621","article-title":"The respiratory health effects of acute in vivo diesel and biodiesel exhaust in a mouse model","volume":"362","author":"Landwehr","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.112211_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.122597","article-title":"Impact of diesel exhaust particles on infections with Mycobacterium bovis BCG in in vitro human macrophages and an in vivo Galleria mellonella model","volume":"341","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environmental Pollution"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.112211_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.14994","article-title":"Diesel exposure increases susceptibility of primary human nasal epithelial cells to rhinovirus infection","volume":"9","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiological Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.112211_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2019.11.039","article-title":"Exposure to diesel exhaust particles increases susceptibility to invasive pneumococcal disease","volume":"145","author":"Shears","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"issue":"2021","key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.112211_bib46","article-title":"Regulation and function of Interferon-Lambda (IFN\u03bb) and its receptor in asthma","volume":"12","author":"Krammer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.112211_bib47","first-page":"12","article-title":"The clinical significance and role of CXCL1 chemokine in gastrointestinal cancers","author":"Korbecki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.112211_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.113921","article-title":"Co-exposure to polyethylene microplastics and house dust mites aggravates airway epithelial barrier dysfunction and airway inflammation via CXCL1 signaling pathway in a mouse model","volume":"146","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.112211_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.131174","article-title":"Activation of FGF signal in germline mediates transgenerational toxicity of polystyrene nanoparticles at predicted environmental concentrations in Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"451","author":"Hua","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.112211_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2023.104294","article-title":"Nanoplastics induced oxidative stress and VEGF production in aortic endothelial cells","volume":"104","author":"Basini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.112211_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1528502","article-title":"Micro- and nano-plastics induce inflammation and cell death in human cells","volume":"16","author":"Bishop","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.112211_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L263","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00297.2009","article-title":"Diesel exhaust particles override natural injury-limiting pathways in the lung","volume":"299","author":"Chaudhuri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.112211_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-018-0288-7","article-title":"Repeated gestational exposure to diesel engine exhaust affects the fetal olfactory system and alters olfactory-based behavior in rabbit offspring","volume":"16","author":"Bernal-Mel\u00e9ndez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.112211_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-016-0151-7","article-title":"Maternal exposure to diluted diesel engine exhaust alters placental function and induces intergenerational effects in rabbits","volume":"13","author":"Valentino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."}],"container-title":["Chemico-Biological Interactions"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0009279726003194?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0009279726003194?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T13:01:38Z","timestamp":1783602098000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0009279726003194"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":54,"alternative-id":["S0009279726003194"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.112211","relation":{},"ISSN":["0009-2797"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0009-2797","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Toxicity of plastic diesel exhaust in primary human airway epithelial cell cultures","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Chemico-Biological Interactions","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.112211","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"112211"}}