{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T21:10:37Z","timestamp":1788988237287,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,9,2]],"date-time":"2027-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1819843200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":336,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007709","name":"Michigan State University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007709","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R35GM158263"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R35GM158263"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Current Opinion in Chemical Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T09:59:31Z","timestamp":1788343171000},"page":"102753","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Advances in chemoenzymatic synthesis of glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Shahnaz Akhtar","family":"Nishat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6468-5526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuefei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6588","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21186588","article-title":"Heparan sulfate proteoglycan signaling in tumor microenvironment","volume":"21","author":"De Pasquale","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9152","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.8b00354","article-title":"Proteoglycan chemical diversity drives multifunctional cell regulation and therapeutics","volume":"118","author":"Karamanos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1369\/0022155420959147","article-title":"The role of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in nervous system development","volume":"69","author":"Mencio","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Histochem Cytochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1021\/jacsau.2c00569","article-title":"Glycosaminoglycans: what remains to be deciphered?","volume":"3","author":"Perez","year":"2023","journal-title":"JACS Au"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C415","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00222.2022","article-title":"Excavating proteoglycan structure-function relationships: modern approaches to capture the interactions of ancient biomolecules","volume":"323","author":"Critcher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwt016","article-title":"Chemoenzymatic synthesis of glycosaminoglycans: Re-creating, re-modeling and re-designing nature's longest or most complex carbohydrate chains","volume":"23","author":"DeAngelis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8193","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.6b00010","article-title":"Chemical synthesis of glycosaminoglycans","volume":"116","author":"Mende","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.9b00420","article-title":"Chemoenzymatic synthesis of glycosaminoglycans","volume":"53","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acc Chem Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8359","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.8b00238","article-title":"Chemoenzymatic methods for the synthesis of glycoproteins","volume":"118","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib10","series-title":"Synthetic glycomes","first-page":"207","article-title":"Chemoenzymatic synthesis of heparan sulfate and heparin","author":"Xu","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2024.102455","article-title":"Recent advances in the synthesis of extensive libraries of heparan sulfate oligosaccharides for structure\u2013activity relationship studies","volume":"80","author":"Ramadan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Opin Chem Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.accb.2021.11.003","article-title":"Strategies in synthesis of heparin\/heparan sulfate oligosaccharides: 2000\u2013present","volume":"80","author":"Dulaney","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_sref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwad093","article-title":"Developing a solid-phase method for the enzymatic synthesis of heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate backbones","volume":"34","author":"Stancanelli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14121567","article-title":"Differential regulation of hyaluronan synthesis by three isoforms of hyaluronan synthases in mammalian cells","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_sref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20194","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.5c08932","article-title":"Exploring cell-free systems for enhanced synthesis of hyaluronic acid","volume":"13","author":"Yao","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Sustainable Chem Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3755","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-48193-5","article-title":"Biosynthetic production of anticoagulant heparin polysaccharides through metabolic and sulfotransferases engineering strategies","volume":"15","author":"Deng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_sref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.5c19067","article-title":"Merging enzymatic catalysis with iron catalysis for highly stereoselective heparan sulfate oligosaccharide assembly","volume":"148","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Am Chem Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_sref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1038\/s41589-025-02113-w","article-title":"Xylosyltransferase engineering to manipulate proteoglycans in mammalian cells","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat Chem Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_sref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202405671","article-title":"Solid-phase-supported chemoenzymatic synthesis and analysis of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan glycopeptides","volume":"63","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Angew Chem Int Ed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2009.10.064","article-title":"Semi-rigid solution structures of heparin by constrained X-ray scattering modelling: new insight into heparin-protein complexes","volume":"395","author":"Khan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34240","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.159152","article-title":"Chemoenzymatic design of heparan sulfate oligosaccharides","volume":"285","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28321","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M701599200","article-title":"Chemoenzymatic synthesis with distinct pasteurella heparosan synthases: monodisperse polymers and unnatural structures","volume":"282","author":"Sismey-Ragatz","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/s10719-008-9105-0","article-title":"Sequential synthesis of chondroitin oligosaccharides by immobilized chondroitin polymerase mutants","volume":"25","author":"Sugiura","year":"2008","journal-title":"Glycoconj J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2016.01.018","article-title":"Impact of donor binding on polymerization catalyzed by KfoC by regulating the affinity of enzyme for acceptor","volume":"1860","author":"Xue","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529-006-9219-z","article-title":"Hyaluronic acid: a natural biopolymer with a broad range of biomedical and industrial applications","volume":"29","author":"Kogan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biotechnol Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2628","DOI":"10.1039\/D1GC00711D","article-title":"Gram-scale production of sugar nucleotides and their derivatives","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Green Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8454","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.14.8454","article-title":"Identification and molecular cloning of a unique hyaluronan synthase from Pasteurella multocida","volume":"273","author":"DeAngelis","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04534-2","article-title":"Structure, substrate recognition and initiation of hyaluronan synthase","volume":"604","author":"Maloney","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-010-3679-7","article-title":"Analysis of E. coli K5 capsular polysaccharide heparosan","volume":"399","author":"Ly","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal Bioanal Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21567","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M201719200","article-title":"Molecular cloning and characterization of chondroitin polymerase from Escherichia coli strain K4","volume":"277","author":"Ninomiya","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4785","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-018-8926-4","article-title":"Identification and characterization of a chondroitin synthase from Avibacterium paragallinarum","volume":"102","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwr001","article-title":"Expression of heparan sulfate sulfotransferases in Kluyveromyces lactis and preparation of 3\u2032-phosphoadenosine-5\u2032-phosphosulfate","volume":"21","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2017.11.016","article-title":"Characterization of heparan sulfate N-deacetylase\/N-sulfotransferase isoform 4 using synthetic oligosaccharide substrates","volume":"1862","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3793","DOI":"10.1039\/D1CY02061G","article-title":"Heparosan oligosaccharide synthesis using engineered single-function glycosyltransferases","volume":"12","author":"Deng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Catal Sci Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12358","DOI":"10.1021\/bi060844g","article-title":"Determination of the substrate specificities of N-Acetyl-d-glucosaminyltransferase","volume":"45","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochemist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-013-4947-1","article-title":"Donor substrate promiscuity of the N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activities of Pasteurella multocida heparosan synthase 2 (PmHS2) and Escherichia coli K5 KfiA","volume":"98","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10111516","article-title":"A revised structure for the glycolipid terminus of Escherichia coli K5 heparosan capsular polysaccharide","volume":"10","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529-012-0910-y","article-title":"NahK\/GlmU fusion enzyme: characterization and one-step enzymatic synthesis of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine","volume":"34","author":"Zhai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biotechnol Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13343","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201002315","article-title":"Highly efficient synthesis of UDP-GalNAc\/GlcNAc analogues with promiscuous recombinant human UDP-GalNAc pyrophosphorylase AGX1","volume":"16","author":"Guan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem Eur J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20996","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.359885","article-title":"Uncovering biphasic catalytic mode of C5-epimerase in heparan sulfate biosynthesis","volume":"287","author":"Sheng","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1021\/acschembio.6b00841","article-title":"Structure based substrate specificity analysis of heparan sulfate 6-O-Sulfotransferases","volume":"12","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Chem Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5265","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1117923109","article-title":"Dissecting the substrate recognition of 3-O-sulfotransferase for the biosynthesis of anticoagulant heparin","volume":"109","author":"Moon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib43","article-title":"Iron-catalyzed stereoselective glycosylation for 1,2-cis-aminoglycoside assembly","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33316","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.4c15084","article-title":"Stereoselective glycosylation for 1,2-cis-Aminoglycoside assembly by cooperative atom transfer catalysis","volume":"146","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Am Chem Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib45","first-page":"3133","article-title":"Iron-catalyzed stereoselective nitrogen atom transfer for 1,2-cis-Selective glycosylation","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Synlett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5515","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.orglett.5c01560","article-title":"Stereoselective multigram-scale Tn antigen synthesis via the iron-catalyzed glycal 1,2-cis-Aminoglycosylation","volume":"27","author":"Yin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Org Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib47","article-title":"Iron-catalyzed highly stereospecific glycosylation with glycal epoxides","volume":"64","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Angew Chem Int Ed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11360","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.6b07221","article-title":"Iron(II)-Catalyzed intermolecular aminofluorination of unfunctionalized olefins using fluoride ion","volume":"138","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Chem Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwy003","article-title":"Keratan sulfate, a complex glycosaminoglycan with unique functional capability","volume":"28","author":"Caterson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_sref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8272","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.orglett.4c02899","article-title":"Chemoenzymatic synthesis of keratan sulfate oligosaccharides using UDP-Galactose-6-aldehyde to control sulfation at galactosides","volume":"26","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Org Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2016.02.043","article-title":"Donor substrate promiscuity of bacterial \u03b21-3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferases and acceptor substrate flexibility of \u03b21-4-galactosyltransferases","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioorg Med Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9230","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.4c00363","article-title":"A biomimetic synthetic strategy can provide keratan sulfate I and II oligosaccharides with diverse fucosylation and sulfation patterns","volume":"146","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Am Chem Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27590","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.6c06355","article-title":"Chemoenzymatic synthesis of 6-Sulfo lewis X-Related glycans for probing their ligand-binding proteins","volume":"148","author":"Wei","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Am Chem Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1038\/s41589-022-01023-5","article-title":"Chemical editing of proteoglycan architecture","volume":"18","author":"O'Leary","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Chem Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9618","DOI":"10.1038\/srep09618","article-title":"A quaternary mechanism enables the complex biological functions of octameric human UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, a key enzyme in cell metabolism","volume":"5","author":"Fuhring","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.7b00734","article-title":"The ProTide prodrug technology: from the concept to the Clinic","volume":"61","author":"Mehellou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202320247","article-title":"Next-generation metabolic glycosylation reporters enable detection of protein O-GlcNAcylation in living cells without S-Glyco modification","volume":"63","author":"Kufleitner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Angew Chem Int Ed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2020.03.030","article-title":"Bump-and-Hole engineering identifies specific substrates of glycosyltransferases in living cells","volume":"78","author":"Schumann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6425","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42236-z","article-title":"Molecular mechanism of decision-making in glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis","volume":"14","author":"Sammon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwae016","article-title":"Chemo-enzymatic synthesis of tetrasaccharide linker peptides to study the divergent step in glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis","volume":"34","author":"Bourgeais","year":"2024","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.accb.2021.10.003","article-title":"Recent advances on glycosyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of the proteoglycan linkage region","volume":"80","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.orglett.1c00168","article-title":"Chemoenzymatic synthesis of glycopeptides bearing galactose\u2013xylose disaccharide from the proteoglycan linkage region","volume":"23","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Org Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3374","DOI":"10.1039\/D1OB00317H","article-title":"Exploration of human xylosyltransferase for chemoenzymatic synthesis of proteoglycan linkage region","volume":"19","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Org Biomol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.202500095","article-title":"Recent advances in enzymes and chemoenzymatic synthesis of tetrasaccharide linkage region of Proteoglycans","volume":"26","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chembiochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4408","DOI":"10.1039\/c3cs35485g","article-title":"Chemical assembly of N-glycoproteins: a refined toolbox to address a ubiquitous posttranslational modification","volume":"42","author":"Unverzagt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem Soc Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.9b01199","article-title":"Chemical synthesis and anti-inflammatory activity of bikunin associated chondroitin sulfate 24-mer","volume":"6","author":"Ramadan","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Cent Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6393","DOI":"10.1039\/D0SC01140A","article-title":"Chemical synthesis of human syndecan-4 glycopeptide bearing O-, N-sulfation and multiple aspartic acids for probing impacts of the glycan chain and the core peptide on biological functions","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9051","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201404625","article-title":"Chemical synthesis of syndecan-3 glycopeptides bearing two heparan sulfate glycan chains","volume":"53","author":"Yoshida","year":"2014","journal-title":"Angew Chem Int Ed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-2489-0_1","article-title":"Sulfated glycoprotein synthesis","volume":"2530","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_sref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202516855","article-title":"Human proteoglycan linkage region glycosyltransferases are dimeric and show unexpected specificities","volume":"65","author":"Weidler","year":"2026","journal-title":"Angew Chem Int Ed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_sref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-66787-5","article-title":"Structural basis for human chondroitin sulfate chain polymerization","volume":"16","author":"Dutta","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.147941","article-title":"An engineered Moraxella canis chondroitin synthase for de novo synthesis of chondroitin oligosaccharides","volume":"330","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-024-13275-3","article-title":"Biosynthesis of animal-free recombinant chondroitin sulfate E using a functional chondroitin sulfotransferase in E. coli","volume":"108","author":"Tithi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1021\/acssynbio.5c00780","article-title":"Biomanufacturing of therapeutically relevant chondroitin sulfate C via engineered microbes","volume":"15","author":"Tithi","year":"2026","journal-title":"ACS Synth Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2024.122158","article-title":"Enhancing the expression of chondroitin 4-O-sulfotransferase for one-pot enzymatic synthesis of chondroitin sulfate A","volume":"337","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_sref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bidere.2025.100062","article-title":"Establishing Komagataella phaffii as a cell factory for efficient production of chondroitin sulfate","volume":"8","author":"Lv","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biodes Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6577","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.4c00677","article-title":"Structural and functional analysis of heparosan synthase 2 from Pasteurella multocida (PmHS2) to improve the synthesis of heparin","volume":"14","author":"Stancanelli","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Catal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s40643-025-00899-0","article-title":"Coupling optimization of cell growth cycle and key enzyme membrane localization for enhanced synthesis of high molecular weight heparosan by Corynebacterium glutamicum","volume":"12","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioresour Bioprocess"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45419-4","article-title":"Structural and mechanistic characterization of bifunctional heparan sulfate N-deacetylase-N-sulfotransferase 1","volume":"15","author":"Mycroft-West","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12856","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5c00771","article-title":"Efficient expression of an engineered heparan sulfate 2-O-Sulfotransferase with improved catalytic properties","volume":"73","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.19253","article-title":"Expression and molecular characterization of an intriguing hyaluronan synthase (HAS) from the symbiont \"Candidatus Mycoplasma liparidae\" in snailfish","volume":"13","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"PeerJ"}],"container-title":["Current Opinion in Chemical Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S136759312600102X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S136759312600102X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T20:35:51Z","timestamp":1788986151000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S136759312600102X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":81,"alternative-id":["S136759312600102X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753","relation":{},"ISSN":["1367-5931"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1367-5931","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Advances in chemoenzymatic synthesis of glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Current Opinion in Chemical Biology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cbpa.2026.102753","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102753"}}