{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T18:15:30Z","timestamp":1787681730873,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]],"date-time":"2024-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717200000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]],"date-time":"2024-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717200000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]],"date-time":"2024-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinica Chimica Acta"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]],"date-time":"2024-05-28T19:20:36Z","timestamp":1716924036000},"page":"119754","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Serofast status in syphilis: Pathogenesis to therapeutics"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"560","author":[{"given":"Qian","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yibao","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bisha","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Binfeng","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangping","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2690-2665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuangquan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17073","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.73","article-title":"Syphilis","volume":"3","author":"Peeling","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.141","article-title":"Treponema pallidum, the syphilis spirochete: making a living as a stealth pathogen","volume":"14","author":"Radolf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.11785","article-title":"Screening for Syphilis Infection in Pregnant Women: US Preventive Services Task Force Reaffirmation Recommendation Statement","volume":"320","author":"Curry","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s40471-018-0138-z","article-title":"An Update on the Global Epidemiology of Syphilis","volume":"5","author":"Kojima","year":"2018","journal-title":"Current Epidemiology Reports"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/s11538-017-0384-0","article-title":"Mathematical Analysis of the Transmission Dynamics of HIV Syphilis Co-infection in the Presence of Treatment for Syphilis","volume":"80","author":"Nwankwo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bull. Math. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K.A. Workowski, L.H. Bachmann, P.A. Chan, C.M. Johnston, C.A. Muzny, I. Park, H. Reno, J.M. Zenilman, G.A. Bolan, Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021, MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports 70(4) (2021) 1-187.","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr7004a1"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-1209-0","article-title":"A systematic review of syphilis serological treatment outcomes in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected persons: rethinking the significance of serological non-responsiveness and the serofast state after therapy","volume":"15","author":"Se\u00f1a","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S404545","article-title":"Plasma Exosome-Derived microRNAs Profiles in Patients with Serofast Status: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of General Medicine"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001813","article-title":"The Utility of Biomarkers in the Clinical Management of Syphilis: A Systematic Review","volume":"50","author":"Lorenz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15456","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-15641-w","article-title":"Incidence of asymptomatic neurosyphilis in serofast Chinese syphilis patients","volume":"7","author":"Cai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2016.3178","article-title":"Equilibrium of Treg\/Th17 cells of peripheral blood in syphilitic patients with sero-resistance","volume":"11","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"issue":"05","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0060","first-page":"383","article-title":"Expert consensus on clinical management of serofast state in syphilis(2023)","volume":"56","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0065","first-page":"168","article-title":"Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of syphilis, gonorrhea and genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection","volume":"53","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin J Dermatol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.1246","article-title":"CDC Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021","volume":"327","author":"Hazra","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01153-18","article-title":"Long-Term In Vitro Culture of the Syphilis Spirochete Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum","volume":"9","author":"Edmondson","year":"2018","journal-title":"MBio"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70102","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0070102","article-title":"Factors associated with serological cure and the serofast state of HIV-negative patients with primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary syphilis","volume":"8","author":"Tong","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.79.4.467","article-title":"Race and the prevalence of syphilis seroreactivity in the United States population: a national sero-epidemiologic study","volume":"79","author":"Hahn","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir671","article-title":"Predictors of serological cure and Serofast State after treatment in HIV-negative persons with early syphilis","volume":"53","author":"Se\u00f1a","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e007691","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-007691","article-title":"Prevalence and sociodemographic risk factors of chlamydia, gonorrhoea and syphilis: a national multicentre STI survey in New Caledonia, 2012","volume":"5","author":"Corsenac","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2011.07.005","article-title":"Further evaluation of the characteristics of Treponema pallidum-specific IgM antibody in syphilis serofast reaction patients","volume":"71","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8334","DOI":"10.4076\/1757-1626-2-8334","article-title":"Neurosyphilis presenting with dementia, chronic chorioretinitis and adverse reactions to treatment: a case report","volume":"2","author":"Mehrabian","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cases J."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0175477","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175477","article-title":"Molecular subtyping of Treponema pallidum and associated factors of serofast status in early syphilis patients: Identified novel genotype and cytokine marker","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2021.09.019","article-title":"Evaluation of the nontreponemal IgM antibodies in syphilis serofast patients: A new serologic marker for active syphilis","volume":"523","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2007.04.021","article-title":"Comparison of a Treponema pallidum IgM immunoblot with a 19S fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test for the diagnosis of congenital syphilis","volume":"59","author":"Herremans","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-024-04810-1","article-title":"An observational prospective study based on a large cohort of HIV-negative neurosyphilis patients with particular reference to the Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction","author":"Peng","year":"2024","journal-title":"European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0130","unstructured":"K.A. Workowski, G.A. Bolan, Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015, MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports 64(Rr-03) (2015) 1-137."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.19.1.29-49.2006","article-title":"Biological basis for syphilis","volume":"19","author":"Lafond","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6603","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S389155","article-title":"Gut Microbiota Alternation in Disease Progression of Neurosyphilis","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infection and Drug Resistance"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23073550","article-title":"Fascinating Molecular and Immune Escape Mechanisms in the Treatment of STIs (Syphilis, Gonorrhea, Chlamydia, and Herpes Simplex)","volume":"23","author":"Scurtu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-021-01000-z","article-title":"Global phylogeny of Treponema pallidum lineages reveals recent expansion and spread of contemporary syphilis","volume":"6","author":"Beale","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12098","article-title":"High prevalence of azithromycin resistance to Treponema pallidum in geographically different areas in China","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15586","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.15586","article-title":"Analysis of serological treatment response to doxycycline versus benzathine penicillin in syphilis infections, a retrospective single-center study","volume":"35","author":"Zengarini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327896","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1327896","article-title":"Clinical and immunological characteristics of HIV\/syphilis co-infected patients following long-term antiretroviral treatment","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00991","article-title":"Syphilis Infection Differentially Regulates the Phenotype and Function of \u03b3\u03b4 T Cells in HIV-1-Infected Patients Depends on the HIV-1 Disease Stage","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.12572","article-title":"Comparative study of CD4 and CD45RO T cells and CD20 B cells in cerebrospinal fluid of syphilitic meningitis and tuberculous meningitis patients","volume":"124","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"APMIS : Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, Et Immunologica Scandinavica"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2016-052681","article-title":"Robust pro-inflammatory immune response is associated with serological cure in patients with syphilis: an observational study","volume":"93","author":"Pastuszczak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Infect."},{"issue":"03","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0185","first-page":"258","article-title":"Expression of Transcription Factors T-bet \/GATA-3 in Peripheral Blood Monouclear Cells from Serofast Syphilis Patients","volume":"31","author":"Bian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin J Derm Venereol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2018-053753","article-title":"Association of interleukin-10 promoter polymorphisms with serofast state after syphilis treatment","volume":"95","author":"Pastuszczak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Infect."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e294","DOI":"10.1111\/ajd.13481","article-title":"Association of TNF-\u03b1 308 G > A gene polymorphism with serofast in patients with syphilis","volume":"62","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Australas. J. Dermatol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0200","first-page":"970","article-title":"Evaluation of serum cytokines to predict serofast in syphilis patients, Journal of infection and chemotherapy : official journal of the Japan Society of","volume":"26","author":"Qiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemotherapy"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.09.014","article-title":"The Burgeoning World of Immunometabolites: T(h)17 Cells Take Center Stage","volume":"26","author":"Bantug","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19030730","article-title":"The Balance of Th17 versus Treg Cells in Autoimmunity","volume":"19","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"7191","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06880","article-title":"Control of T(reg) and T(H)17 cell differentiation by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor","volume":"453","author":"Quintana","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"06","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0220","first-page":"326","article-title":"The expression of CD4CD25Foxp3* Treg cells and related cytokines in serofast syphilis patients","volume":"50","author":"Cuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Dermatol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2528","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002528","article-title":"Regulatory T cells in peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid of syphilis patients with and without neurological involvement","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-015-8473-z","article-title":"Toll-Like Receptor Pathways in Autoimmune Diseases","volume":"50","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"},{"issue":"07","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0235","first-page":"146","article-title":"Expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in serum-fixed syphilis patients and their relationship with syphilis cellimmunity","volume":"31","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Human Sexuality"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2017.09.040","article-title":"Treponema pallidum flagellins stimulate MMP-9 and MMP-13 expression via TLR5 and MAPK\/NF-\u03baB signaling pathways in human epidermal keratinocytes","volume":"361","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000149","article-title":"Toll-like receptor polymorphisms are associated with increased neurosyphilis risk","volume":"41","author":"Marra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Dis."},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2944","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.14466","article-title":"A guide to chemokines and their receptors","volume":"285","author":"Hughes","year":"2018","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24016","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.24016","article-title":"CXCL8, CXCL9, and CXCL10 serum levels increase in syphilitic patients with seroresistance","volume":"35","author":"Dong","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal."},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0260","first-page":"36","article-title":"Changes and Significance of Chemokine Receptor and IL-12, IL-10 in Peripheral Blood of Patients with Syphilis Serum Fixation","volume":"17","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medical Innovation of China"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0265","first-page":"155","article-title":"Potential Predictors for Serofast State after Treatment among HIV-Negative Persons with Syphilis in China: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"44","author":"Qin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Iran. J. Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.5114\/ceji.2021.111540","article-title":"Decreased blood natural killer cells in serofast patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Central-European Journal of Immunology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2020.111823","article-title":"Exosomal miR-146a-5p from Treponema pallidum-stimulated macrophages reduces endothelial cells permeability and monocyte transendothelial migration by targeting JAM-C","volume":"388","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.4161\/rna.20018","article-title":"The mammalian microRNA response to bacterial infections","volume":"9","author":"Eulalio","year":"2012","journal-title":"RNA Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-4846-x","article-title":"MicroRNA expression profiling of peripheral blood mononuclear cells associated with syphilis","volume":"20","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104769","article-title":"MicroRNA-101-3p, MicroRNA-195-5p, and MicroRNA-223-3p in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells May Serve as Novel Biomarkers for Syphilis Diagnosis","volume":"152","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3407","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-020-05421-7","article-title":"Peripheral blood mononuclear cell microRNA profiles in syphilitic patients with serofast status","volume":"47","author":"Jia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2019.12.012","article-title":"MicroRNA-101-3p Downregulates TLR2 Expression, Leading to Reduction in Cytokine Production by Treponema pallidum-Stimulated Macrophages","volume":"140","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20153750","article-title":"Chemerin and Cancer","volume":"20","author":"Treeck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0310","first-page":"727","article-title":"PD-1\/PD-L1 pathway: current researches in cancer","volume":"10","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Cancer Res."},{"issue":"06","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0315","first-page":"703","article-title":"Correlation between serum PD-1 level and Th1\/Th2 related cytokines in patients with syphilis infection","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin J AIDS STD"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-020-06956-5","article-title":"The prognostic value of IDO expression in solid tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1086\/656533","article-title":"Enhanced molecular typing of treponema pallidum: geographical distribution of strain types and association with neurosyphilis","volume":"202","author":"Marra","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L. Giacani, G. Ciccarese, C. Puga-Salazar, I. Dal Conte, L. Colli, M. Cusini, S. Ramoni, S. Delmonte, A. D\u02bcAntuono, V. Gaspari, F. Drago, Enhanced Molecular Typing of Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum Strains From 4 Italian Hospitals Shows Geographical Differences in Strain Type Heterogeneity, Widespread Resistance to Macrolides, and Lack of Mutations Associated With Doxycycline Resistance, Sexually transmitted diseases 45(4) (2018) 237-242.","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000741"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enzmictec.2021.109897","article-title":"Full-length TprK of Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum in lipid nanodiscs is a monomeric porin","volume":"153","author":"Lian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Enzyme Microb. Technol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3822","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0902788","article-title":"Antigenic variation in Treponema pallidum: TprK sequence diversity accumulates in response to immune pressure during experimental syphilis","volume":"184","author":"Giacani","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e71388","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071388","article-title":"MyD88 deficiency markedly worsens tissue inflammation and bacterial clearance in mice infected with Treponema pallidum, the agent of syphilis","volume":"8","author":"Silver","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0009753","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009753","article-title":"Longitudinal TprK profiling of in vivo and in vitro-propagated Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum reveals accumulation of antigenic variants in absence of immune pressure","volume":"15","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0355","article-title":"Estimation of Full-Length TprK Diversity in Treponema pallidum subsp","volume":"11","author":"Addetia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pallidum, mBio"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0493122","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.04931-22","article-title":"Genetic Profiling of the Full-Length tprK Gene in Patients with Primary and Secondary Syphilis","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiology Spectrum"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0365","first-page":"255","article-title":"Is repeated retreatment necessary for HIV-negative serofast early syphilis patients?","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"issue":"45","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13171","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000013171","article-title":"Lack of antiretroviral therapy is associated with higher risk of neurosyphilis among HIV-infected patients who remain serofast after therapy for early syphilis","volume":"97","author":"Pastuszczak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.109399","article-title":"Using circulating microbial cell-free DNA to identify persistent Treponema pallidum infection in serofast syphilis patients","volume":"27","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462415573677","article-title":"No improvement in serological response among serofast latent patients retreated with benzathine penicillin","volume":"27","author":"Ren","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. STD AIDS"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dky006","article-title":"Serological response to therapy following retreatment of serofast early syphilis patients with benzathine penicillin","volume":"73","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"issue":"06","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0390","first-page":"524","article-title":"Immunopotentiator IL-2 combined with penicillin to promote RPR negative research","volume":"53","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Jiangxi Medical Journal"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0395","first-page":"115","volume":"27","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Effects of Thymopentin Combined with Benzathine Penicillin on Peripheral Blood T Lymphocyte Subsets Andseroconversion Rate of Serum TRUST in Patients with Early Syphilitic Sero-Resistant the Chinese Journal of Human Sexuality"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0400","article-title":"Influence and effect of ceftriaxone combiend with pidotimod on NK, CD4+ and CD3+ cell levels for syphilis serofast patients","volume":"41","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Lab Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0405","first-page":"75","article-title":"Clinical effect of ceftriaxone combined with glucocorticoids in the treatment of advanced syphilis serofast reaction","volume":"26","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Chinese Journal of Human Sexuality"},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aat1482","article-title":"Revisiting IL-2: Biology and therapeutic prospects","volume":"3","author":"Abbas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12351","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30956-y","article-title":"Thymosin Alpha1-Fc Modulates the Immune System and Down-regulates the Progression of Melanoma and Breast Cancer with a Prolonged Half-life","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2017.03.005","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effects of pidotimod in adults with community-acquired pneumonia undergoing standard antibiotic therapy","volume":"44","author":"Trabattoni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2017.1391892","article-title":"Immunotherapeutic effect of BCG-polysaccharide nucleic acid powder on Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected mice using microneedle patches","volume":"24","author":"Yan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-020-00827-8","article-title":"Control of immunity by glucocorticoids in health and disease","volume":"42","author":"Shimba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0149401","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149401","article-title":"Time Series Modelling of Syphilis Incidence in China from 2005 to 2012","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"04","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0440","first-page":"193","article-title":"Prospective memory in latent syphilis patients with sero-resistance","volume":"39","author":"Tan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0445","article-title":"Development and comparison of predictive models for sexually transmitted diseases-AIDS, gonorrhea, and syphilis in China, 2011\u20132021","volume":"10","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754_b0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0237949","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0237949","article-title":"A retrospective study on nested PCR detection of syphilis treponemes in clinical samples: PCR detection contributes to the diagnosis of syphilis in patients with seronegative and serodiscrepant results","volume":"15","author":"Vrbov\u00e1","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["Clinica Chimica Acta"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0009898124020060?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0009898124020060?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]],"date-time":"2024-06-12T03:09:00Z","timestamp":1718161740000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0009898124020060"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"references-count":90,"alternative-id":["S0009898124020060"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754","relation":{},"ISSN":["0009-8981"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0009-8981","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Serofast status in syphilis: Pathogenesis to therapeutics","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinica Chimica Acta","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119754","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"119754"}}