{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T03:07:42Z","timestamp":1793502462327,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014786","name":"Northern Border University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014786","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinica Chimica Acta"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T16:34:34Z","timestamp":1765211674000},"page":"120783","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["GADA as a biomarker for type 1 diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"581","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Rekha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Afzal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Arockia","family":"Babu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Surya Nath","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaurav","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rakhi","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepika","family":"Raina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohd","family":"Imran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.756548","article-title":"Partners in Crime: Beta-cells and autoimmune responses complicit in type 1 diabetes pathogenesis","volume":"12","author":"Toren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13030422","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes mellitus and autoimmune diseases: a critical review of the association and the application of personalized medicine","volume":"13","author":"Popoviciu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. personalized Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.09.138","article-title":"Gene therapy and type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"108","author":"Chellappan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1358\/dof.2011.36.11.1710754","article-title":"GAD65 autoantibodies and its role as biomarker of type 1 diabetes and latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA)","volume":"36","author":"Towns","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drugs Future"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-021-05492-6","article-title":"Improving clinical utility of GAD65 autoantibodies by electrochemiluminescence assay and clinical phenotype when identifying autoimmune adult-onset diabetes","volume":"64","author":"Gu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0030","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus caused by high BMI from 1990 to 2021, and forecasts to 2045: analysis from the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0035","article-title":"Comparative diabetes mellitus burden trends across global, Chinese, US, and Indian populations using GBD 2021 database","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018411","article-title":"An analysis of the cross-reactivity of autoantibodies to GAD65 and GAD67 in diabetes","volume":"6","author":"Jayakrishnan","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0045","article-title":"GAD65 antibody epitopes and genetic background in latent autoimmune diabetes in youth (LADY)","volume":"13","author":"Peng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154887","article-title":"Quercetin: a promising therapy for diabetic encephalopathy through inhibition of hippocampal ferroptosis","volume":"126","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-57492-4","article-title":"Structure and dynamics of GAD65 in complex with an autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 2-associated autoantibody","volume":"16","author":"St\u00e4nder","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1111063","article-title":"Anti-GAD65 autoantibody levels measured by ELISA and alternative types of immunoassays in relation to neuropsychiatric diseases versus diabetes mellitus type 1","volume":"14","author":"Zong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.118.2.309","article-title":"Membrane anchoring of the autoantigen GAD65 to microvesicles in pancreatic beta-cells by palmitoylation in the NH2-terminal domain","volume":"118","author":"Christgau","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0070","article-title":"The signaling pathways of selected traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions and their metabolites in the treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy: a review","volume":"15\u20132024","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.42.12.1799","article-title":"Differential expression of GAD65 and GAD67 in human, rat, and mouse pancreatic islets","volume":"42","author":"Kim","year":"1993","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3109\/08916939409009534","article-title":"Autoantibodies against GAD65 rather than GAD67 precede the onset of type 1 diabetes","volume":"19","author":"L\u00fchder","year":"1994","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.2174\/0113816128302667240422110226","article-title":"The regulation of Selenoproteins in diabetes: a new way to treat diabetes","volume":"30","author":"Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8227(96)01248-X","article-title":"Detection of recombinant GAD65 and GAD67 antibodies using a simple radioimmunoassay","volume":"32","author":"Kawasaki","year":"1996","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI0214114","article-title":"GAD65-reactive T cells are activated in patients with autoimmune type 1a diabetes","volume":"109","author":"Viglietta","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-024-00868-w","article-title":"A transformer-based weakly supervised computational pathology method for clinical-grade diagnosis and molecular marker discovery of gliomas","volume":"6","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Mach. Intelligence"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.53.8.1987","article-title":"GAD65-specific CD4+ T-cells with high antigen avidity are prevalent in peripheral blood of patients with type 1 diabetes","volume":"53","author":"Reijonen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2004.02416.x","article-title":"GAD65 antibody isotypes and epitope recognition during the prediabetic process in siblings of children with type I diabetes","volume":"136","author":"Hoppu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-005-1719-1","article-title":"Dynamic changes of GAD65 autoantibody epitope specificities in individuals at risk of developing type 1 diabetes","volume":"48","author":"Schlosser","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.49.10.1621","article-title":"GAD65-specific autoantibodies enhance the presentation of an immunodominant T-cell epitope from GAD65","volume":"49","author":"Reijonen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1243834","article-title":"Astragalus improves intestinal barrier function and immunity by acting on intestinal microbiota to treat T2DM: a research review","volume":"14","author":"Su","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2843","DOI":"10.2337\/db08-0851","article-title":"Transgenically induced GAD tolerance curtails the development of early beta-cell autoreactivities but causes the subsequent development of supernormal autoreactivities to other beta-cell antigens","volume":"58","author":"Tian","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0135","article-title":"Detection of GAD65 autoreactive T-cells by HLA class I tetramers in type 1 diabetic patients","volume":"2009","author":"Giuliani","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1006\/jaut.1999.0281","article-title":"Only multiple autoantibodies to islet cells (ICA), insulin, GAD65, IA-2 and IA-2\u03b2 predict immune-mediated (type 1) diabetes in relatives","volume":"12","author":"Maclaren","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-019-01220-4","article-title":"The influence of ICAM1 rs5498 on diabetes mellitus risk: evidence from a meta-analysis","volume":"68","author":"Mi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inflamm. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250050031","article-title":"Epitope spreading and a varying but not disease-specific GAD65 antibody response in type I diabetes. The Childhood Diabetes in Finland Study Group","volume":"43","author":"S\u00f6hnlein","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2435","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-0981","article-title":"A longitudinal study of GAD65 and ICA512 autoantibodies during the progression to type 1 diabetes in diabetes prevention trial-type 1 (DPT-1) participants","volume":"34","author":"Sosenko","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.2337\/db18-0594","article-title":"Time-resolved autoantibody profiling facilitates stratification of preclinical type 1 diabetes in children","volume":"68","author":"Endesfelder","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.4065\/73.12.1161","article-title":"Radioimmunoassay for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65) autoantibodies as a diagnostic aid for stiff-man syndrome and a correlate of susceptibility to type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"73","author":"Walikonis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1039\/b302786d","article-title":"Bead injection ELISA for the determination of antibodies implicated in type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"128","author":"Carroll","year":"2003","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0175","article-title":"DBAN: an improved dual branch attention network combined with serum Raman spectroscopy for diagnosis of diabetic kidney disease","volume":"266","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Lind, F. de Jesus Cortez, A. Ramelius, R. Bennet, P.V. Robinson, D. Seftel, D. Gebhart, D. Tandel, M. Maziarz, D. Agardh, H.E. Larsson, M. Lundgren, C.-t. Tsai, \u00c5. Lernmark, Multiplex agglutination-PCR (ADAP) autoantibody assays compared to radiobinding autoantibodies in type 1 diabetes and celiac disease, J. Immunol. Methods 506 (2022) 113265.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2022.113265"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e935","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab816","article-title":"Autoantibodies to N-terminally truncated GAD65(96-585): HLA associations and predictive value for type 1 diabetes","volume":"107","author":"P\u00f6ll\u00e4nen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.13052","article-title":"Circulating anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase-65 antibody titers are positively associated with the capacity of insulin secretion in acute-onset type 1 diabetes with short duration in a Japanese population","volume":"10","author":"Yamamura","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. diabetes investigation"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0195","first-page":"643","article-title":"Species-specific autoantibodies in type 1 diabetes","volume":"84","author":"Hampe","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1340436","article-title":"Advances in risk predictive performance of pre-symptomatic type 1 diabetes via the multiplex antibody-detection-by-agglutination-PCR assay","volume":"15","author":"Tandel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. Luo, C.N. Rogers, J.T. Steed, L.K. Gilliam, C.S. Hampe, \u00c5. Lernmark, Development of glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) autoantibody assay using biotin\u2013GAD65 fusion protein, J. Biotechnol. 111(1) (2004) 97\u2013104.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2004.03.009"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5471","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0800578105","article-title":"The lack of anti-idiotypic antibodies, not the presence of the corresponding autoantibodies to glutamate decarboxylase, defines type 1 diabetes","volume":"105","author":"Oak","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032515","article-title":"Anti-idiotypic antibody specific to GAD65 autoantibody prevents type 1 diabetes in the NOD mouse","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep11196","article-title":"Elevated serum GAD65 and GAD65-GADA immune complexes in stiff person syndrome","volume":"5","author":"Gu Urban","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0166213","article-title":"Islet autoantibody measurements from dried blood spots on filter paper strongly correlate to serum levels","volume":"11","author":"Simmons","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.70071","article-title":"Establishing the performance and acceptability of dried blood spot sampling to screen for islet-specific autoantibodies","volume":"42","author":"Faustini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4174","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-0534","article-title":"GAD65 autoantibodies detected by electrochemiluminescence assay identify high risk for type 1 diabetes","volume":"62","author":"Miao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.2337\/db23-0550","article-title":"Improved specificity of glutamate decarboxylase 65 autoantibody measurement using luciferase-based immunoprecipitation system assays","volume":"73","author":"Wyatt","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193670","article-title":"An analytical comparison of three immunoassay platforms for subpicomolar detection of protein biomarker GAD65","volume":"13","author":"Costa","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-02520","article-title":"Combined analysis of GAD65, miR-375, and unmethylated insulin DNA following islet transplantation in patients with T1D","volume":"104","author":"Roels","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/37.9.1534","article-title":"Electrochemiluminescence detection for development of immunoassays and DNA probe assays for clinical diagnostics","volume":"37","author":"Blackburn","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12594","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of the anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody in type 1 diabetes mellitus: comparison between radioimmunoassay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay","volume":"8","author":"Murata","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. diabetes investigation"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2019.304196","article-title":"Islet autoantibody standardization program 2018 workshop: interlaboratory comparison of glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody assay performance","volume":"65","author":"Lampasona","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0242049","article-title":"Sensitive detection of multiple islet autoantibodies in type 1 diabetes using small sample volumes by agglutination-PCR","volume":"15","author":"Cortez","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2021.0517","article-title":"High-throughput multiplex electrochemiluminescence assay applicable to general population screening for type 1 diabetes and celiac disease","volume":"24","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol. Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvad160","article-title":"Understanding islet autoantibodies in prediction of type 1 diabetes","volume":"8","author":"Jia","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Endocr Soc"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2473","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.6285","article-title":"Seroconversion to multiple islet autoantibodies and risk of progression to diabetes in children","volume":"309","author":"Ziegler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Jama"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2881","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-00569","article-title":"Impact of age and antibody type on progression from single to multiple autoantibodies in type 1 diabetes relatives","volume":"102","author":"Bosi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-2292","article-title":"Prognostic classification factors associated with development of multiple autoantibodies, Dysglycemia, and type 1 diabetes-a recursive partitioning analysis","volume":"39","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-05047-w","article-title":"The risk of progression to type 1 diabetes is highly variable in individuals with multiple autoantibodies following screening","volume":"63","author":"Jacobsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-2081","article-title":"Zinc transporter-8 autoantibodies improve prediction of type 1 diabetes in relatives positive for the standard biochemical autoantibodies","volume":"35","author":"Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0196912","article-title":"Children with type 1 diabetes who experienced a honeymoon phase had significantly lower LDL cholesterol 5 years after diagnosis","volume":"13","author":"Nwosu","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-00307-4","article-title":"Importance of zinc transporter 8 autoantibody in the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in Latin Americans","volume":"7","author":"Gomes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-010-0250-0","article-title":"Epitope analysis of GAD65 autoantibodies in adult-onset type 1 diabetes and latent autoimmune diabetes in adults with thyroid autoimmunity","volume":"48","author":"Jin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2565","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaf001","article-title":"IFN-\u03b1 neutralizing antibodies distinguish LADA from early-onset type 1 diabetes","volume":"110","author":"Amendolara","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-018-4605-3","article-title":"Autoantibodies to N-terminally truncated GAD improve clinical phenotyping of individuals with adult-onset diabetes: action LADA 12","volume":"61","author":"Achenbach","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-2305","article-title":"Zinc transporter 8 antibodies complement GAD and IA-2 antibodies in the identification and characterization of adult-onset autoimmune diabetes: non insulin requiring autoimmune diabetes (NIRAD) 4","volume":"33","author":"Lampasona","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"43","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17040","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0705894104","article-title":"The cation efflux transporter ZnT8 (Slc30A8) is a major autoantigen in human type 1 diabetes","volume":"104","author":"Wenzlau","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-0087","article-title":"A type 1 diabetes genetic risk score predicts progression of islet autoimmunity and development of type 1 diabetes in individuals at risk","volume":"41","author":"Redondo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0350","article-title":"Proinsulin:C-peptide ratio trajectories over time in relatives at increased risk of progression to type 1 diabetes","volume":"4","author":"Triolo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Trans. Autoimmunity"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2009.03939.x","article-title":"The glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 immunoglobulin G subclass profile differs between adult-onset type 1 diabetes and latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) up to 3 years after clinical onset","volume":"157","author":"Hillman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1107096","article-title":"GAD65 antigen therapy in recently diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"vol. 366","author":"Ludvigsson","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e404","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad006","article-title":"HLA class I association with autoimmune diabetes in Chinese people: distinct implications in classic type 1 diabetes and LADA","volume":"108","author":"Xia","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2004.02610.x","article-title":"Multiplicity of the antibody response to GAD65 in type I diabetes","volume":"138","author":"Gilliam","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E310","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-0785","article-title":"Changes in GAD65Ab-specific antiidiotypic antibody levels correlate with changes in C-peptide levels and progression to islet cell autoimmunity","volume":"95","author":"Ortqvist","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2066","DOI":"10.2337\/db11-1538","article-title":"Fall in C-peptide during first 2 years from diagnosis: evidence of at least two distinct phases from composite type 1 diabetes TrialNet data","volume":"61","author":"Greenbaum","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-0431","article-title":"A Type 1 Diabetes Genetic Risk Score Can Identify Patients with GAD65 Autoantibody-Positive Type 2 Diabetes Who Rapidly Progress to Insulin Therapy","volume":"vol. 42","author":"Grubb","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0390","first-page":"1276","article-title":"Consensus Guidance for Monitoring Individuals With Islet Autoantibody-Positive Pre-Stage 3 Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"47","author":"Phillip","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvad160","article-title":"Understanding islet autoantibodies in prediction of type 1 diabetes","volume":"8","author":"Jia","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Endocrine Soc."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-0235","article-title":"GAD65 autoantibody responses in Japanese latent autoimmune diabetes in adult patients","volume":"31","author":"Maruyama","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2247","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-0486","article-title":"The impact of biomarker screening and Cascade genetic testing on the cost-effectiveness of MODY genetic testing","volume":"42","author":"GoodSmith","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2025.113885","article-title":"Development and performance evaluation of a novel, fully automated, high-throughput GAD65 autoantibody assay on the Phadia platform","volume":"542","author":"Filchtinski","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-2003","article-title":"Cost and cost-effectiveness of large-scale screening for type 1 diabetes in Colorado","volume":"43","author":"McQueen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/513210","article-title":"T cell recognition of autoantigens in human type 1 diabetes: clinical perspectives","volume":"2011","author":"Mallone","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Dev. Immunol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12996","article-title":"Discrepancy of glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 autoantibody results between RSR radioimmunoassay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in patients with type 1 diabetes is related to autoantibody affinity","volume":"10","author":"Kawasaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. diabetes investigation"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2007.03527.x","article-title":"Autoantibody epitopes to the smaller isoform of glutamate decarboxylase do not differ in Swedish and Japanese type 1 diabetes patients and may be associated with high-risk human leucocyte antigen class II alleles","volume":"150","author":"Maruyama","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3477","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.149.11.3477","article-title":"Enhanced antigen presentation using human fc gamma receptor (monocyte\/macrophage)-specific immunogens","volume":"149","author":"Gosselin","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2015.0316","article-title":"ECL-IAA and ECL-GADA can identify high-risk single autoantibody-positive relatives in the TrialNet pathway to prevention study","volume":"18","author":"Steck","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol. Ther."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2014.0186","article-title":"Electrochemiluminescence assays for insulin and glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies improve prediction of type 1 diabetes risk","volume":"17","author":"Miao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3003","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S438009","article-title":"Recommendations for screening and monitoring the stages of type 1 diabetes in the immune therapy era","volume":"17","author":"Moore","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. general Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2018.0190","article-title":"Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults: a review on clinical implications and management","volume":"42","author":"Pieralice","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. J."}],"container-title":["Clinica Chimica Acta"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S000989812500662X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S000989812500662X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T14:16:06Z","timestamp":1770732966000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S000989812500662X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":91,"alternative-id":["S000989812500662X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783","relation":{},"ISSN":["0009-8981"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0009-8981","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"GADA as a biomarker for type 1 diabetes","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinica Chimica Acta","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120783","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"120783"}}