{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T09:06:17Z","timestamp":1784019977534,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017415","name":"Peking University First Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017415","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025M772307"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025M772307"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinica Chimica Acta"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2026.120906","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T16:04:57Z","timestamp":1770998697000},"page":"120906","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Exploration of the source of AQP4 antibody: Based on paired serum and cerebrospinal fluid samples from 98 patients"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"586","author":[{"given":"Tao","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiqiang","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongjun","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiming","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ran","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaoxia","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2026.120906_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001729","article-title":"International consensus diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders","volume":"85","author":"Wingerchuk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2026.120906_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000210137","article-title":"Quantitative contribution of clinical attacks to residual disability in patients with AQP4-antibody neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder","volume":"104","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2026.120906_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2010.10.012","article-title":"Neuromyelitis optica: concepts in evolution","volume":"231","author":"Fazio","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"issue":"9451","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2026.120906_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17551-X","article-title":"A serum autoantibody marker of neuromyelitis optica: distinction from multiple sclerosis","volume":"364","author":"Lennon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2026.120906_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20050304","article-title":"IgG marker of optic-spinal multiple sclerosis binds to the aquaporin-4 water channel","volume":"202","author":"Lennon","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2026.120906_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(07)70216-8","article-title":"The spectrum of neuromyelitis optica","volume":"6","author":"Wingerchuk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2026.120906_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000011153","article-title":"Worldwide incidence and prevalence of neuromyelitis optica: a systematic review","volume":"96","author":"Papp","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2026.120906_bb0040","article-title":"Incidence of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) in China: a national population-based study","volume":"2","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health West Pac."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2026.120906_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1772","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002655","article-title":"Evaluation of the 2015 diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder","volume":"86","author":"Hyun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2026.120906_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3341","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-023-11634-0","article-title":"Update on the diagnosis and treatment of neuromyelits optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) - revised recommendations of the neuromyelitis optica study group (NEMOS). Part I: diagnosis and differential diagnosis","volume":"270","author":"Jarius","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2026.120906_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-024-01014-1","article-title":"NMOSD and MOGAD: an evolving disease spectrum","volume":"20","author":"Uzawa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2026.120906_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-025-01947-8","article-title":"AQP4-specific T cells determine lesion localization in the CNS in a model of NMOSD","volume":"13","author":"Afzali","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2026.120906_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2014.141","article-title":"Treatment of neuromyelitis optica: state-of-the-art and emerging therapies","volume":"10","author":"Papadopoulos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2026.120906_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.24675","article-title":"Distinguishing neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum disorders subtypes: a study on AQP4 and C3d epitope expression in cytokine-primed human astrocytes","volume":"73","author":"Alisch","year":"2025","journal-title":"Glia"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2026.120906_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8020090","article-title":"Aquaporin-4 Water Channel in the brain and its implication for health and disease","volume":"8","author":"Mader","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2026.120906_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103761","article-title":"Differences in clinical phenotype, laboratory, and imaging manifestations between AQP4 IgG positive and AQP4 MOG IgG double negative NMOSD: how to correctly diagnose the two","volume":"24","author":"Chu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2026.120906_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2023.103465","article-title":"A comprehensive review of the advances in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder","volume":"22","author":"Siriratnam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2026.120906_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0238301","article-title":"Purified IgG from aquaporin-4 neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder patients alters blood-brain barrier permeability","volume":"15","author":"Cobo-Calvo","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2026.120906_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms251910625","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier disruption in Neuroimmunological disease","volume":"25","author":"Shimizu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2026.120906_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-7-52","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid antibodies to aquaporin-4 in neuromyelitis optica and related disorders: frequency, origin, and diagnostic relevance","volume":"7","author":"Jarius","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2026.120906_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24208","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid aquaporin-4 antibody levels in neuromyelitis optica attacks","volume":"76","author":"Sato","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2026.120906_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-20-4110","article-title":"Reflections from a NMOSD case with serum AQP4-ab negativity but CSF positivity: narrative review of how to interpret AQP4-ab test results","volume":"11","author":"Xue","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2026.120906_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-025-02853-5","article-title":"Influencing factors and clinical value of anti-aquaporin-4 antibody in cerebrospinal fluid: a study of 82 patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder","volume":"125","author":"Peng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Belg."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2026.120906_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1159\/000330240","article-title":"Aquaporin 4 antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid are helpful in diagnosing Chinese patients with neuromyelitis optica","volume":"19","author":"Long","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2026.120906_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.635419","article-title":"Anti-aquaporin 4 IgG is not associated with any clinical disease characteristics in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder","volume":"12","author":"Schmetzer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2026.120906_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000012175","article-title":"Difference in the source of anti-AQP4-IgG and anti-MOG-IgG antibodies in CSF in patients with neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum disorder","volume":"97","author":"Akaishi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2026.120906_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-015-0240-9","article-title":"The cerebrospinal fluid immunoglobulin transcriptome and proteome in neuromyelitis optica reveals central nervous system-specific B cell populations","volume":"12","author":"Kowarik","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2026.120906_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21802","article-title":"Intrathecal pathogenic anti-aquaporin-4 antibodies in early neuromyelitis optica","volume":"66","author":"Bennett","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2026.120906_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000231","article-title":"Clinical utility of testing AQP4-IgG in CSF: guidance for physicians","volume":"3","author":"Majed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2026.120906_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1093\/jalm\/jfab133","article-title":"Utility of live cell-based assays for autoimmune neurology diagnostics","volume":"7","author":"Woodhall","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Lab. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2026.120906_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000011","article-title":"AQP4 autoantibody assay performance in clinical laboratory service","volume":"1","author":"Fryer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2026.120906_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/2045-8118-9-14","article-title":"Usefulness of antibody index assessment in cerebrospinal fluid from patients negative for total-IgG oligoclonal bands","volume":"9","author":"Jarius","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2026.120906_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(87)90250-6","article-title":"Protein transfer at the blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier and the quantitation of the humoral immune response within the central nervous system","volume":"163","author":"Reiber","year":"1987","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2026.120906_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awy010","article-title":"Condition-dependent generation of aquaporin-4 antibodies from circulating B cells in neuromyelitis optica","volume":"141","author":"Wilson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2026.120906_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12794","article-title":"Neuromyelitis optica and the evolving spectrum of autoimmune aquaporin-4 channelopathies: a decade later","volume":"1366","author":"Pittock","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2026.120906_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s41232-023-00291-5","article-title":"Autoimmune-mediated astrocytopathy","volume":"43","author":"Kinoshita","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inflamm. Regen."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2026.120906_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.221","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid aquaporin-4-immunoglobulin G disrupts blood brain barrier","volume":"2","author":"Asgari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2026.120906_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1341389","article-title":"Rapid generation of human recombinant monoclonal antibodies from antibody-secreting cells using ferrofluid-based technology","volume":"15","author":"Strazza","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2026.120906_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735430","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1735430","article-title":"Plasma cells in and around the central nervous system","volume":"16","author":"Merder","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2026.120906_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-017-0487-8","article-title":"The chronically inflamed central nervous system provides niches for long-lived plasma cells","volume":"5","author":"Pollok","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2026.120906_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.70045","article-title":"Follicle on the roof: tertiary lymphoid structures in central nervous system autoimmunity","volume":"332","author":"Zuo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2026.120906_bb0210","first-page":"657","article-title":"Meningeal tertiary lymphoid tissues and multiple sclerosis: a gathering place for diverse types of immune cells during CNS autoimmunity","volume":"6","author":"Pikor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2026.120906_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9122622","article-title":"Insights into cell surface expression, supramolecular organization, and functions of aquaporin 4 isoforms in astrocytes","volume":"9","author":"Jorgacevski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2026.120906_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/1759091415605486","article-title":"Expression of the astrocyte Water Channel Aquaporin-4 in the mouse brain","volume":"7","author":"Hubbard","year":"2015","journal-title":"ASN Neuro"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2026.120906_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000841","article-title":"Interleukin-6 in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder pathophysiology","volume":"7","author":"Fujihara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2026.120906_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-21-3073","article-title":"Application of oligoclonal bands and other cerebrospinal fluid variables in multiple sclerosis and other neuroimmunological diseases: a narrative review","volume":"11","author":"Jin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2026.120906_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2018-317969","article-title":"CSF cytokine profile in MOG-IgG+ neurological disease is similar to AQP4-IgG+ NMOSD but distinct from MS: a cross-sectional study and potential therapeutic implications","volume":"89","author":"Kaneko","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cca.2026.120906_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.418","article-title":"CNS aquaporin-4-specific B cells connect with multiple B-cell compartments in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder","volume":"4","author":"Kowarik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."}],"container-title":["Clinica Chimica Acta"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0009898126000884?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0009898126000884?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T08:25:58Z","timestamp":1784017558000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0009898126000884"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["S0009898126000884"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cca.2026.120906","relation":{},"ISSN":["0009-8981"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0009-8981","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Exploration of the source of AQP4 antibody: Based on paired serum and cerebrospinal fluid samples from 98 patients","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinica Chimica Acta","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cca.2026.120906","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"120906"}}