{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T03:10:20Z","timestamp":1780110620901,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,1]],"date-time":"2005-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1128124800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Critical Care Clinics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2005.06.008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,16]],"date-time":"2005-09-16T16:40:17Z","timestamp":1126888817000},"page":"825-839","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["Botulinum Toxin"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"B. Zane","family":"Horowitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2005.06.008_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.8.1059","article-title":"Botulism toxin as a biological weapon: medical and public health management","volume":"285","author":"Arnon","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2005.06.008_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.5858\/2004-128-653-CBATCL","article-title":"Clostridium botulinum and the clinical laboratorian: a detailed review, including biologic warfare ramifications of Botulinum toxin","volume":"128","author":"Caya","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Path Lab Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2005.06.008_bib3","series-title":"Medical aspects of chemical and biological warfare","first-page":"643","article-title":"Botulinum toxins","author":"Middlebrook","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2005.06.008_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03550050080037","article-title":"Iraq's biological weapons: the past as future?","volume":"278","author":"Zilinskas","year":"1997","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2005.06.008_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1009.030745","article-title":"Food borne botulism in the United States, 1990\u20132000","volume":"10","author":"Sobel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2005.06.008_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-129-3-199808010-00011","article-title":"Botulism in the United States: a clinical and epidemiologic review","volume":"129","author":"Shapiro","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2005.06.008_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-95-4-442","article-title":"Clinical features of types A and B food-borne botulism","volume":"95","author":"Hughes","year":"1981","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2005.06.008_bib8","first-page":"101","article-title":"Endemic food-borne botulism: clinical experience, 1973\u20131986 at Alaska Native Medical Center","volume":"33","author":"Barrett","year":"1991","journal-title":"Alaska Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2005.06.008_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1086\/313564","article-title":"Where Marco Polo meets Meckel: type E botulism from Clostridium butyricum","volume":"29","author":"Schechter","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2005.06.008_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1081\/CLT-120039544","article-title":"Case of type F botulism in southern California","volume":"42","author":"Richardson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Toxicol Clin Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2005.06.008_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-108-3-363","article-title":"Botulism from chopped garlic: delayed recognition of a major outbreak","volume":"108","author":"St. Louis","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2005.06.008_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1086\/515615","article-title":"A large outbreak of botulism: the hazardous baked potato","volume":"178","author":"Angulo","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2005.06.008_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1974.03230480021022","article-title":"Current trends in botulism in the United States","volume":"229","author":"Merson","year":"1974","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2005.06.008_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197311082891904","article-title":"Epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory aspects of wound botulism","volume":"289","author":"Merson","year":"1973","journal-title":"New Eng J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2005.06.008_bib15","first-page":"320","article-title":"Wound botulism in pediatrics","volume":"136","author":"Keller","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2005.06.008_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(94)70253-5","article-title":"Wound botulism","volume":"24","author":"Burningham","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2005.06.008_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1086\/318134","article-title":"Wound botulism in California, 1951\u20131998: recent epidemic in heroin injectors","volume":"31","author":"Werner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2005.06.008_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.279.11.859","article-title":"Wound botulism associated with black tar heroin among injecting drug users","volume":"279","author":"Passaro","year":"1996","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2005.06.008_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.17.1479","article-title":"Wound botulism associated with back tar heroin","volume":"280","author":"Horowitz","year":"1998","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2005.06.008_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(199710)20:10<1284::AID-MUS11>3.0.CO;2-3","article-title":"Cluster of wound botulism in California: clinical, electrophysiologic and pathologic study","volume":"20","author":"Maselli","year":"1997","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2005.06.008_bib21","first-page":"885","article-title":"Wound botulism among black tar heroin users \u2013 Washington, 2003","volume":"52","author":"Spitters","year":"2003","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2005.06.008_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1977.03270450036016","article-title":"Infant botulism: epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory aspects","volume":"237","author":"Arnon","year":"1977","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2005.06.008_bib23","first-page":"21","article-title":"Infant botulism \u2013 New York City, 2001\u20132002","volume":"52","author":"Reddy","year":"2003","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2005.06.008_bib24","series-title":"Rudolph's Pediatrics","first-page":"555","article-title":"Infant botulism","author":"Arnon","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2005.06.008_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(79)80863-X","article-title":"Honey and other environmental risk factors for infant botulism","volume":"94","author":"Arnon","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2005.06.008_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.62.2.198","article-title":"Generalized botulism-like syndrome after intramuscular injections of botulism type A: a report of two cases","volume":"62","author":"Bakheit","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psych"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2005.06.008_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pharmtox.44.101802.121554","article-title":"Identification of the major steps in botulinum toxin action","volume":"44","author":"Simpson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2005.06.008_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1994.tb00396.x","article-title":"Mechanism of action of tetanus and botulinum neurotoxins","volume":"13","author":"Montecucco","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mole Micro"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2005.06.008_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/139.1.157","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of symptoms, pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength, and exercise performance after botulism","volume":"139","author":"Wilcox","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2005.06.008_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/166.6.1281","article-title":"Clinical and laboratory comparison of botulism from toxin types A, B, and E in the United States, 1975\u20131988","volume":"166","author":"Woodruff","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2005.06.008_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0404.2001.103005278.x","article-title":"Hirata, Antecedent symptoms in Guillain-Barre syndrome: an important indicator for clinical and serological subgroups","volume":"103","author":"Koga","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2005.06.008_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1979.03290310015004","article-title":"Ocular Findings in Botulism type B","volume":"241","author":"Terranova","year":"1979","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2005.06.008_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-67.1.203","article-title":"Comparison of the mouse bioassay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay procedures for the detection of Type A botulinal toxin in food","volume":"67","author":"Ferreira","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Food Prot"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2005.06.008_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(199806)21:6<701::AID-MUS1>3.0.CO;2-B","article-title":"Clinical spectrum of botulism","volume":"21","author":"Cherington","year":"1998","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2005.06.008_bib35","series-title":"Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies","first-page":"1112","article-title":"Botulinum antitoxin","author":"Goldfrank","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2005.06.008_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(84)90988-4","article-title":"Equine antitoxin use and other factors that predict outcome in type A food borne botulism","volume":"76","author":"Tacket","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2005.06.008_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(80)90469-6","article-title":"Hypersensitivity reactions associated with botulinal antitoxin","volume":"69","author":"Black","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2005.06.008_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/150.3.407","article-title":"Antitoxin levels in botulism patients treated with trivalent botulism antitoxin to toxin types A, B, and E","volume":"150","author":"Hatheway","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2005.06.008_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/1.4.689","article-title":"Human-derived immune globulins for the treatment of botulism","volume":"1","author":"Metzger","year":"1979","journal-title":"Rev Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2005.06.008_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/23.2.337","article-title":"Experience with the use of an investigational F(ab')2 heptavalent botulism immune globulin of equine origin during an outbreak of type E botulism in Egypt","volume":"23","author":"Hibbs","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2005.06.008_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.98.3.620","article-title":"Recovery of the ventilatory and upper airway muscles and exercise performance after type A botulism","volume":"98","author":"Wilcox","year":"1990","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2005.06.008_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1081\/CLT-120025349","article-title":"Polar poisons: did botulism doom the Franklin expedition?","volume":"41","author":"Horowitz","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Toxicol Clin Toxicol"}],"container-title":["Critical Care Clinics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0749070405000680?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0749070405000680?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,17]],"date-time":"2021-07-17T18:22:37Z","timestamp":1626546157000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0749070405000680"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,10]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0749070405000680"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ccc.2005.06.008","relation":{},"ISSN":["0749-0704"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0749-0704","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,10]]}}}