{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T04:17:40Z","timestamp":1789964260866,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,1]],"date-time":"2009-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1230768000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Critical Care Clinics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2008.11.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,6]],"date-time":"2009-03-06T05:42:24Z","timestamp":1236318144000},"page":"239-250","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Evolution of the Intensive Care Unit as a Clinical Center and Critical Care Medicine as a Discipline"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Ake","family":"Grenvik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael R.","family":"Pinsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2008.11.001_bib1","unstructured":"Vesalius A. De Humani corporis fabrica. Basel 1543 (Bibl. Waller 9899), p. 659, Basel 1555."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2008.11.001_bib2","article-title":"An experimental automatic respiratory apparatus","author":"Matas","year":"1902","journal-title":"Am Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2008.11.001_bib3","first-page":"399","article-title":"Zur Pathologie. d. offenen Pneumothorax und die Grundlagen meines Verfahrens zu seiner Ausschaltung","volume":"13","author":"Sauerbruch","year":"1904","journal-title":"Mitt. Grentzgeb. Med. u. Chir"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2008.11.001_bib4","first-page":"209","article-title":"Ueber k\u00fcnstliche Atmung durch Ventilation der Trachea und eine einfache Vorrichtung zur rhytmischen k\u00fcnstlichen Atmung","volume":"55","author":"Volhard","year":"1908","journal-title":"M\u00fcnchen Med Wchnschr"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2008.11.001_bib5","article-title":"Pulmonary uptake of oxygen, acid-base metabolism, and circulation during prolonged apnoea","volume":"212","author":"Holmdahl","year":"1956","journal-title":"Acta Chir Scand"},{"issue":"Suppl 22","key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2008.11.001_bib6","article-title":"Studier \u00f6ver tryckdifferensandning enlight Sauerbruch och over konstgjord andning (rytmisk luftinblasning) vid intrathoracala operationer","author":"Giertz","year":"1915","journal-title":"Upsala Lakarefor forhandl"},{"issue":"Suppl 54","key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2008.11.001_bib7","article-title":"On the technique of pneumonectomy in man","author":"Crafoord","year":"1938","journal-title":"Acta Chir Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2008.11.001_bib8","first-page":"89","article-title":"Notes on hospitals","author":"Nightingale","year":"1863"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2008.11.001_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200109000-00034","article-title":"The anesthesiologist in critical care medicine: past, present, and future","volume":"95","author":"Hanson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2008.11.001_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1399-6576.2003.00256.x","article-title":"The first intensive care unit in the world: Copenhagen 1953","volume":"47","author":"Berthelsen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2008.11.001_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI100226","article-title":"An apparatus for the prolonged administration of artificial respiration","volume":"7","author":"Drinker","year":"1929","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2008.11.001_bib12","series-title":"The evolution of \u201cIron Lung.\u201d","author":"Emerson","year":"1978"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2008.11.001_bib13","first-page":"9","article-title":"Treatment of respiratory complications in poliomyelitis","volume":"1","author":"Ibsen","year":"1954","journal-title":"Dan Med Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2008.11.001_bib14","first-page":"39","article-title":"Controlled respiration by means of special automatic machines as used in Sweden and Denmark","volume":"40","author":"M\u00f6rch","year":"1947","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2008.11.001_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/S0096-5588(20)30633-4","article-title":"The treatment of ventilatory insufficiency after pulmonary resection with tracheostomy and prolonged artificial ventilation","volume":"30","author":"Bj\u00f6rk","year":"1955","journal-title":"J Thorac Surg"},{"issue":"Suppl 13","key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2008.11.001_bib16","article-title":"The clinical application of prolonged controlled ventilation","author":"Engstr\u00f6m","year":"1963","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2008.11.001_bib17","series-title":"Respiratory care","author":"Bendixen","year":"1965"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2008.11.001_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-195801000-00038","article-title":"Manual versus mouth-to-mouth methods of artificial respiration","volume":"19","author":"Safar","year":"1958","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2008.11.001_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1961.tb13827.x","article-title":"The intensive care unit. A three-year experience at Baltimore City Hospitals","volume":"16","author":"Safar","year":"1961","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"issue":"Suppl IV","key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2008.11.001_bib20","first-page":"138","article-title":"Cerebral resuscitation after cardiac arrest: a review","volume":"74","author":"Safar","year":"1986","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2008.11.001_bib21","series-title":"Critical care nursing: a history","author":"Fairman","year":"1998"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2008.11.001_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-197401000-00002","article-title":"Role of allied health professionals in critical care medicine","volume":"2","author":"Grenvik","year":"1974","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2008.11.001_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.59.5.535","article-title":"Critical care medicine: organizing and staffing intensive care units","volume":"59","author":"Safar","year":"1971","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2008.11.001_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-197205000-00012","article-title":"Mobile intensive care by \u201cunemployable\u201d blacks trained as emergency medical technicians (EMTs) in 1967\u201369","volume":"12","author":"Benson","year":"1972","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2008.11.001_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-197301000-00001","article-title":"The Society of Critical Care Medicine, its history and its destiny","volume":"1","author":"Weil","year":"1973","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2008.11.001_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-196207000-00015","article-title":"Respiratory care unit","volume":"23","author":"Holmdahl","year":"1962","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2008.11.001_bib27","series-title":"Intensive care in New Zealand\u2014a history of the New Zealand region of ANZICS","author":"Trubuhovich","year":"2001"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2008.11.001_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-197811000-00001","article-title":"Certification of specialty competence in critical care medicine as a new subspecialty: a status report","volume":"6","author":"Grenvik","year":"1978","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2008.11.001_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-198102000-00012","article-title":"Certification as a multidisciplinary subspecialty","volume":"9","author":"Grenvik","year":"1981","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2008.11.001_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1960.03020280004002","article-title":"Closed chest cardiac massage","volume":"173","author":"Kouwenhoven","year":"1960","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2008.11.001_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S56","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200402001-00010","article-title":"From Resusci-Anne to Sim-Man: the evolution of simulators in medicine","volume":"32","author":"Grenvik","year":"2004","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2008.11.001_bib32","series-title":"Chap in simulators in critical care education and beyond","article-title":"A brief history of mannequin-based simulation & application","author":"Gaba","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2008.11.001_bib33","series-title":"The Society of Critical Care Medicine Textbook of Critical Care","year":"1984"}],"container-title":["Critical Care Clinics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0749070408000766?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0749070408000766?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,2]],"date-time":"2021-10-02T16:17:33Z","timestamp":1633191453000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0749070408000766"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,1]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0749070408000766"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ccc.2008.11.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["0749-0704"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0749-0704","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,1]]}}}