{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T11:40:48Z","timestamp":1760269248618,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,1]],"date-time":"2004-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1093996800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,1]],"date-time":"2004-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1093996800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,18]],"date-time":"2005-04-18T10:53:44Z","timestamp":1113821624000},"page":"293-310","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pharmacologic therapy for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Rebecca Haynes","family":"Hockman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB2","first-page":"S77","article-title":"Standards for the diagnosis and care of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"152","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.95.08081398","article-title":"Optimal assessment and management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The European Respiratory Society Task Force","volume":"8","author":"Siafakas","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"Suppl 5","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.52.2008.S1.5","article-title":"BTS guidelines for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"52","year":"1997","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200007273430407","article-title":"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"343","author":"Barnes","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.117.5_suppl_2.398S","article-title":"Toward a consensus definition for COPD exacerbations","volume":"117","author":"Rodriguez-Roisin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-134-7-200104030-00015","volume":"134","author":"Snow","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-134-7-200104030-00016","article-title":"Management of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a summary and appraisal of published evidence","volume":"134","author":"Bach","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 36","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9S","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.02.00400302","article-title":"Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: when are bacteria important?","volume":"20","author":"Miravitlles","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.154.4.8887592","article-title":"Outcomes following acute exacerbation of severe chronic obstructive lung disease","volume":"154","author":"Connors","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03530230038027","article-title":"Hospital and 1-year survival of patients admitted to intensive care units with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"274","author":"Seneff","year":"1995","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200207000-00035","article-title":"Prognostic factors, clinical course, and hospital outcome of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease admitted to an intensive care unit for acute respiratory failure","volume":"30","author":"Afessa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.121.5.1441","article-title":"Mortality after hospitalization for COPD","volume":"121","author":"Almagro","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.57.1.29","article-title":"Acute respiratory failure secondary to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treated in the intensive care unit: a long term follow up study","volume":"57","author":"Breen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3244","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.24.3244","article-title":"A clinical practice guideline for treating tobacco use and dependence: a US Public Health Service Report","volume":"283","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"author":"Fiore","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB17"},{"issue":"RR03","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB18","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevention and control of influenza: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)","volume":"51","year":"2002","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"issue":"RR-08","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB19","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevention of pneumococcal disease: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)","volume":"46","year":"1997","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(02)01143-9","article-title":"The effects of inhaled corticosteroids in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review of randomized placebo-controlled trials","volume":"113","author":"Alsaeedi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200225010-00005","article-title":"Benefits and risks of inhaled corticosteroids in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"25","author":"Bonay","year":"2002","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB22","series-title":"Drug facts and comparisons","first-page":"643","article-title":"Sympathomimetics","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB23","series-title":"AHFS (American Hospital Formulary Service) drug information 2003","first-page":"1218","article-title":"Sympathomimetic (adrenergic) agents","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1053\/rmed.2001.1172","article-title":"Formoterol tubuhaler\u00ae for as-needed therapy in patients with mild acute exacerbations of COPD","volume":"95","author":"Cazzola","year":"2001","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-2918(02)85135-9","article-title":"Formoterol as dry powder oral inhalation compared with salbutamol metered-dose inhaler in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"24","author":"Cazzola","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1053\/rmed.2002.1353","article-title":"Acute effects of higher than customary doses of salmeterol and salbutamol in patients with acute exacerbation of COPD","volume":"96","author":"Cazzola","year":"2002","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB27","first-page":"135","article-title":"Fenoterol and ipratropium bromide in respirator treatment of patients with chronic bronchitis","volume":"38","author":"Backman","year":"1985","journal-title":"Curr Ther Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(87)90378-0","article-title":"Nebulized anticholinergic and sympathomimetic treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive airways disease in the emergency room","volume":"82","author":"Rebuck","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)90126-8","article-title":"Nebulised salbutamol with and without ipratropium bromide in acute airflow obstruction","volume":"1","author":"O'Driscoll","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.98.4.835","article-title":"A comparison of the effects of ipratropium bromide and metaproterenol sulfate in acute exacerbations of COPD","volume":"98","author":"Karpel","year":"1990","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.99.4.871","article-title":"Bronchodilator responses to anticholinergic and beta-adrenergic agents in acute and stable COPD","volume":"99","author":"Karpel","year":"1991","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(97)70219-1","article-title":"Effect of different albuterol dosing regimens in the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"29","author":"Emerman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB33","first-page":"S210","article-title":"Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma update on selected topics\u20142002","volume":"110","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.91.4.614","article-title":"Cost-benefit comparison of aerosol bronchodilator delivery methods in hospitalized patients","volume":"91","author":"Jasper","year":"1987","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.93.3.476","article-title":"Equivalence of continuous flow nebulizer and metered-dose inhaler with reservoir bag for treatment of acute airflow obstruction","volume":"93","author":"Turner","year":"1988","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB36","first-page":"393","article-title":"Terbutaline metered-dose inhalation vs metaproterenol by hand-held nebulization: a comparison in black inner-city COPD patients","volume":"80","author":"Greene","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1989.00390030092018","article-title":"Aerosol bronchodilator delivery methods: Relative impact on pulmonary function and cost of respiratory care","volume":"149","author":"Summer","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.96.6.1241","article-title":"Nebulizer vs spacer for bronchodilator delivery in patients hospitalized for acute exacerbations of COPD","volume":"96","author":"Berry","year":"1989","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1997.00440360162018","article-title":"Bronchodilator delivery in acute airflow obstruction","volume":"157","author":"Turner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB40","first-page":"53S","article-title":"Metered dose inhaler vs compressor driven nebulizer in the delivery of metaproterenol [abstract]","volume":"88","author":"Moss","year":"1985","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.100.5.1300","article-title":"Comparison of a hand-held nebulizer with a metered dose inhaler-spacer combination in acute obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"100","author":"Maguire","year":"1991","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.121.3.846","article-title":"Association between inhaled \u03b2-agonists and the risk of unstable angina and myocardial infarction","volume":"121","author":"Au","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.58.1.43","article-title":"Inhaled short acting \u03b2 agonist use in COPD and the risk of acute myocardial infarction","volume":"58","author":"Suissa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB44","series-title":"Drug facts and comparisons","first-page":"660","article-title":"Anticholinergics","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.23.2.183.32082","article-title":"Tiotropium: an inhaled, long-acting anticholinergic drug for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"23","author":"Panning","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01704700","article-title":"Comparison of one versus two bronchodilators in ventilated COPD patients","volume":"20","author":"Fernandez","year":"1994","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB47","series-title":"AHFS (American Hospital Formulary Service) drug information 2003","first-page":"1207","article-title":"Ipratropium bromide","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.98.2.295","article-title":"Severe exacerbations of COPD and Asthma: Incremental benefit of adding ipratropium to usual therapy","volume":"98","author":"Patrick","year":"1990","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(05)81472-6","article-title":"Decreased duration of emergency department treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations with the addition of ipratropium bromide to \u03b2-Agonist therapy","volume":"20","author":"Shrestha","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.50.8.834","article-title":"Comparison of nebulised salbutamol and ipratropium bromide with salbutamol alone in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"50","author":"Moayyedi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(95)70260-1","article-title":"Effects of combined treatment with glycopyrrolate and albuterol in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"25","author":"Cydulka","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB52","series-title":"AHFS (American Hospital Formulary Service) drug information 2003","first-page":"3487","article-title":"Theophyllines","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(84)80472-2","article-title":"Intravenous aminophylline in the treatment of acute bronchospastic exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"13","author":"Seidenfeld","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-107-2-305","article-title":"Aminophylline for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"107","author":"Rice","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-115-4-241","article-title":"Aminophylline therapy for acute bronchospastic disease in the emergency room","volume":"115","author":"Wrenn","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-6757(90)90076-C","article-title":"Theophylline concentrations in patients with acute exacerbation of COPD","volume":"8","author":"Emerman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(05)82468-0","article-title":"Risk of toxicity in patients with elevated theophylline levels","volume":"19","author":"Emerman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5056.1272","article-title":"Prophylactic use of oxytetracycline for exacerbations of chronic bronchitis","volume":"2","author":"Elmes","year":"1957","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(60)90056-8","article-title":"Exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: treatment with oxytetracycline","volume":"1","author":"Berry","year":"1960","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-0971(62)80012-6","article-title":"Antibiotic regimes in chronic bronchitis","volume":"56","author":"Fear","year":"1962","journal-title":"Br J Dis Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5467.904","article-title":"Value of ampicillin in the hospital treatment of exacerbations of chronic bronchitis","volume":"2","author":"Elmes","year":"1965","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1967.tb11527.x","article-title":"A controlled study of the effect of treatment on chronic bronchitis: an evaluation using pulmonary function tests","volume":"182","author":"Petersen","year":"1967","journal-title":"Acta Med Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-0971(72)90016-2","article-title":"Antibiotic regimens in moderately ill patients with purulent exacerbations of chronic bronchitis","volume":"66","author":"Pines","year":"1972","journal-title":"Br J Dis Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-97-1-18","article-title":"Antibiotic therapy of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: a controlled study using tetracycline","volume":"97","author":"Nicotra","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-106-2-196","article-title":"Antibiotic therapy in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"106","author":"Anthonisen","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3109\/02813439209014027","article-title":"Amoxicillin in treatment of acute uncomplicated exacerbations of chronic bronchitis","volume":"10","author":"Jorgensen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Scand J Prim Health Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.50.7.758","article-title":"Changes in symptoms, peak expiratory flow, and sputum flora during treatment with antibiotics of exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in general practice","volume":"50","author":"Sachs","year":"1995","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)07097-0","article-title":"Once daily oral ofloxacin in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation requiring mechanical ventilation: a randomised placebo-controlled trial","volume":"358","author":"Nouira","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5607.735","article-title":"Antibiotic regimens in severe and acute purulent exacerbations of chronic bronchitis","volume":"2","author":"Pines","year":"1968","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03520360071042","article-title":"Antibiotics in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations: a meta-analysis","volume":"273","author":"Saint","year":"1995","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB71","first-page":"466","article-title":"Outpatient antibiotic therapy and short term mortality in elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"7","author":"Sin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Can Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.104.5.1387","article-title":"A comparison of cefpodoxime proxetil and cefaclor in the treatment of acute exacerbation of COPD in adults","volume":"104","author":"Phillips","year":"1993","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"Suppl A","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/36.suppl_A.121","article-title":"Treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in hospitalised patients\u2014a comparison of meropenem and imipenem\/cilastatin","volume":"36","author":"Hamacher","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(98)00008-9","article-title":"Comparison of the efficacy and safety of a short course of ceftibuten with that of amoxycillin\/clavulanate in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis","volume":"10","author":"Guest","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.1998.tb11633.x","article-title":"Short-course cefuroxime axetil therapy in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis","volume":"52","author":"Langan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1179\/joc.1999.11.2.119","article-title":"Comparative study of dirithromycin and azithromycin in the treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis","volume":"11","author":"Cazzola","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Chemother"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chodosh S., DeAbate A., Haverstock D., Aneiro L., Church D. and the Bronchitis Study Group. Short-course moxifloxacin therapy for treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Respir Med 2000;94:18\u201327","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB77","DOI":"10.1053\/rmed.1999.0708"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-2918(02)80006-6","article-title":"Efficacy and tolerability of gatifloxacin in community treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis","volume":"24","author":"Anzueto","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.118.1.193","article-title":"Do bacteria cause exacerbations of COPD?","volume":"118","author":"Hirschmann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.118.1.204","article-title":"The role of bacteria in exacerbations of COPD: a constructive view","volume":"118","author":"Murphy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.119.2.663","article-title":"Bacteria and COPD exacerbations redux [editorial]","volume":"119","author":"Hirschmann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.02.00291302","article-title":"Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and antibiotics: what studies are still needed?","volume":"19","author":"Sohy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1053\/srin.2000.0150059","article-title":"Antibiotic therapy of exacerbations of chronic bronchitis","volume":"15","author":"Niederman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Semin Respir Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.117.5_suppl_2.380S","article-title":"Infectious etiology of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis","volume":"117","author":"Sethi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0732-8893(01)00255-3","article-title":"Infectious etiologies in acute exacerbation of COPD","volume":"40","author":"Lieberman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diag Microb Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa012561","article-title":"New strains of bacteria and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"347","author":"Sethi","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.117.3.662","article-title":"Acute exacerbation of COPD: factors associated with poor treatment outcome","volume":"117","author":"Dewan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.57.10.847","article-title":"Relationship between exacerbation frequency and lung function decline in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"57","author":"Donaldson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.113.4_Supplement.249S","article-title":"The value of antibiotics and the outcomes of antibiotic therapy in exacerbations of COPD","volume":"113","author":"Grossman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.157.5.9711044","article-title":"Bronchial microbial patterns in severe exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) requiring mechanical ventilation","volume":"157","author":"Soler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.113.6.1542","article-title":"Infective exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: relation between bacteriologic etiology and lung function","volume":"113","author":"Eller","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.162.1.9911019","article-title":"Respiratory viral infections in adults with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"162","author":"Greenberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.58.1.37","article-title":"Respiratory viruses in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease requiring hospitalisation: a case-control study","volume":"58","author":"Rhode","year":"2003","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.108.2_Supplement.53S","article-title":"Outcome predictors in bronchitis","volume":"108","author":"Wilson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB95","series-title":"AHFS (American Hospital Formulary Service) drug information 2003","first-page":"2868","article-title":"Corticosteroids General Statement","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-92-6-753","article-title":"Controlled clinical trial of methylprednisolone in patients with chronic bronchitis and acute respiratory insufficiency","volume":"92","author":"Albert","year":"1980","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.154.2.8756814","article-title":"Controlled trial of oral prednisone in outpatients with acute COPD exacerbation","volume":"154","author":"Thompson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.95.3.563","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of methylprednisolone in the emergency treatment of acute exacerbations of COPD","volume":"95","author":"Emerman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-6757(96)90120-5","article-title":"Early corticosteroid use in acute exacerbations of chronic airflow obstruction","volume":"14","author":"Bullard","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199906243402502","article-title":"Effect of systemic glucocorticoids on exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group","volume":"340","author":"Niewoehner","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)11326-0","article-title":"Oral corticosteroids in patients admitted to hospital with exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a prospective randomised controlled trial","volume":"354","author":"Davies","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.165.5.2109093","article-title":"Comparison of nebulized budesonide and oral prednisolone with placebo in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"165","author":"Maltais","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.119.3.726","article-title":"Systemic glucocorticoids in severe exacerbations of COPD","volume":"119","author":"Sayiner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2527","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.162.22.2527","article-title":"Corticosteroid therapy for patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review","volume":"162","author":"Singh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.98.4.845","article-title":"Intravenous and oral corticosteroids for the prevention of relapse after treatment of decompensated COPD: effect on patients with a history of multiple relapses","volume":"98","author":"Murata","year":"1990","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.111.3.732","article-title":"Adverse effects of corticosteroid therapy for COPD: a critical review","volume":"111","author":"McEvoy","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(70)90835-4","article-title":"Double-blind clinical trial of bromhexine as a mucolytic drug in chronic bronchitis","volume":"1","author":"Langlands","year":"1970","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1185\/03007997309111671","article-title":"A between-patient, double-blind comparison of S-carboxymethylcysteine and bromhexine in chronic obstructive bronchitis","volume":"1","author":"Aylward","year":"1973","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB109","first-page":"895","article-title":"Clinical study on the effects of an antibiotic + mucolytic association (amoxicillin + domiodol) in hypersecretory chronic bronchopulmonary diseases","volume":"31","author":"Finiguerra","year":"1982","journal-title":"Curr Ther Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB110","first-page":"969","article-title":"Ambroxol plus amoxicillin in the treatment of exacerbations of chronic bronchitis","volume":"37","author":"Peralta","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arzneimittelforschung"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(67)92296-9","article-title":"A double-blind trial of five respiratory stimulants in patients in acute ventilatory failure","volume":"1","author":"Edwards","year":"1967","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197303012880901","article-title":"Respiratory stimulation with intravenous doxapram in respiratory failure: a double-blind co-operative study","volume":"288","author":"Moser","year":"1973","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.51.10.1048","article-title":"Comparison of the acute effects on gas exchange of nasal ventilation and doxapram in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"51","author":"Angus","year":"1996","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"unstructured":"Greenstone M., Lasserson T.J. Doxapram for ventilatory failure due to exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In: The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 2, Vol(1): CD000223. Available at: http:\/\/ovid.med.virginia.edu\/ovidweb\/ovidweb.cgi. Ovid Technologies, Inc","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB114"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004_BIB115","series-title":"AHFS (American Hospital Formulary Service) drug information 2003","first-page":"2340","article-title":"Doxapram Hydrochloride","year":"2003"}],"container-title":["Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0899588504000395?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0899588504000395?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T11:20:50Z","timestamp":1760268050000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0899588504000395"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,9]]},"references-count":113,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0899588504000395"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["0899-5885"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0899-5885"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Pharmacologic therapy for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ccell.2004.04.004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"converted-article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}