{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T01:59:47Z","timestamp":1773280787024,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,1]],"date-time":"2006-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1164931200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,1]],"date-time":"2006-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1164931200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,13]],"date-time":"2007-01-13T14:44:10Z","timestamp":1168699450000},"page":"441-452","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Implementing Best Practice Strategies to Prevent Infection in the ICU"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Daleen","family":"Aragon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary Lou","family":"Sole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib1","first-page":"265","article-title":"Public health focus: effectiveness of disease and injury prevention","volume":"41","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"1992","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib2","series-title":"To err is human: building a safer health system","author":"Kohn","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib3","series-title":"Implementing the surviving sepsis campaign","author":"Townsend","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200107000-00002","article-title":"Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the United States: analysis of incidence, outcome, and associated costs of care","volume":"29","author":"Angus","year":"2001","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib5","unstructured":"Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO). National patient safety goals for 2006. Available at: http:\/\/www.jcaho.org\/PatientSafety\/NationalPatientSafetyGoals\/. Accessed March 6, 2006."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib6","unstructured":"Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI). 100K Lives Campaign. Available at: www.ihi.org\/IHI\/Programs\/Campaign. Accessed March 6, 2006."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-137-8-200210150-00011","article-title":"Hospital-onset infections: a patient safety issue","volume":"137","author":"Gerberding","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib8","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). CDC's 7 healthcare safety challenges. Available at: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncidod\/dhqp\/about_challenges.html. Accessed March 1, 2006."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib9","unstructured":"Medicare Quality Improvement Community (MedQic). Surgical care improvement project. Available at: www.medqic.org. Accessed March 1, 2006."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02814-2","article-title":"Effectiveness of a hospital-wide programme to improve compliance with hand hygiene. Infection control programme","volume":"356","author":"Pittet","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"12 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1086\/503164","article-title":"Guideline for hand hygiene in health-care settings: recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HICPAC\/SHEA\/APIC\/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force","volume":"23","author":"Boyce","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1086\/502020","article-title":"Limited impact of sustained simple feedback based on soap and paper towel consumption on the frequency of hand washing in an adult intensive care unit","volume":"23","author":"Bittner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.162.9.1037","article-title":"Alcohol-based handrub improves compliance with hand hygiene in intensive care units","volume":"162","author":"Hugonnet","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib14","first-page":"205","article-title":"No time for handwashing!? Handwashing versus alcoholic rub: can we afford 100% compliance?","volume":"18","author":"Voss","year":"1997","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-6553(98)80008-4","article-title":"Behavioral interventions to improve infection control practices","volume":"26","author":"Kretzer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-130-2-199901190-00006","article-title":"Compliance with handwashing in a teaching hospital. Infection Control Program","volume":"130","author":"Pittet","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000108866.48795.0F","article-title":"Electronic monitoring and voice prompts improve hand hygiene and decrease nosocomial infections in an intermediate care unit","volume":"32","author":"Swoboda","year":"2004","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1067\/mic.2003.63","article-title":"Effect of education and performance feedback on handwashing: the benefit of administrative support in Argentinean hospitals","volume":"31","author":"Rosenthal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0702.010217","article-title":"Improving adherence to hand hygiene practice: a multidisciplinary approach","volume":"7","author":"Pittet","year":"2001","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1097\/00044067-200504000-00002","article-title":"Outcomes of an infection prevention project focusing on hand hygiene and isolation practices","volume":"16","author":"Aragon","year":"2005","journal-title":"AACN Clin Issues"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib21","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hand hygiene guidelines fact sheet. Available at: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/od\/oc\/media\/pressrel\/fs021025.htm. Accessed March 1, 2006."},{"issue":"RR-13","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib22","first-page":"1","article-title":"Guidelines for preventing health-care-associated pneumonia, 2003: recommendations of the CDC and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee","volume":"53","author":"Tablan","year":"2004","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.122.6.2115","article-title":"Epidemiology and outcomes of ventilator-associated pneumonia in a large US database","volume":"122","author":"Rello","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib24","first-page":"725","article-title":"The pathogenesis of ventilator-associated pneumonia: its relevance to developing effective strategies for prevention","volume":"50","author":"Safdar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.165.7.2105078","article-title":"Ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"165","author":"Chastre","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(93)90060-3","article-title":"Nosocomial pneumonia in ventilated patients: a cohort study evaluating attributable mortality and hospital stay","volume":"94","author":"Fagon","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib27","first-page":"374","article-title":"Risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia in surgical intensive-care-unit patients","volume":"17","author":"Beck-Sague","year":"1996","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib28","first-page":"S30","article-title":"Ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia: challenges in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention","volume":"6","author":"Craven","year":"1998","journal-title":"New Horiz"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199902253400807","article-title":"The prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"340","author":"Kollef","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000128569.09113.FB","article-title":"Prevention of hospital-associated pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"32","author":"Kollef","year":"2004","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2, Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib31","first-page":"2","article-title":"Importance, morbidity, and mortality of pneumonia in the surgical intensive care unit","volume":"179","author":"Barie","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J\u00a0Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.4037\/ajcc2000.9.5.344","article-title":"Analysis of factors related to the development of ventilator-associated pneumonia: use of existing databases","volume":"9","author":"Byers","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Crit Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200405-644ST","article-title":"American Thoracic Society; Infectious Diseases Society of America. Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, and healthcare-associated pneumonia","volume":"171","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2004.10.001","article-title":"National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System Report, data summary from January 1992 through June 2004, issued October 2004","volume":"32","author":"National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS)","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMhpr020557","article-title":"Infection control - a problem for patient safety","volume":"348","author":"Burke","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2303","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200112000-00012","article-title":"Mortality rate attributable to ventilator-associated nosocomial pneumonia in an adult intensive care unit: a prospective case-control study","volume":"29","author":"Bercault","year":"2001","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2239","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.124.6.2239","article-title":"Incidence, etiology, and outcome of nosocomial pneumonia in ICU patients requiring percutaneous tracheotomy for mechanical ventilation","volume":"124","author":"Rello","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1053\/jcrc.2002.35814","article-title":"Prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia: current practice in Canadian intensive care units","volume":"17","author":"Heyland","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1362-1017.2003.00039.x","article-title":"Care bundles in critical care: a practical approach to evidence-based practice","volume":"8","author":"Fulbrook","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nurs Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1362-1017.2005.00134.x","article-title":"An evaluation of the impact of the ventilator care bundle","volume":"10","author":"Crunden","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nurs Crit Care"},{"issue":"11 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S595","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000147016.53607.C4","article-title":"Sepsis change bundles: converting guidelines into meaningful change in behavior and clinical outcome","volume":"32","author":"Levy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)12251-1","article-title":"Supine body position as a risk factor for nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients: a randomised trial","volume":"354","author":"Drakulovic","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-138-6-200303180-00015","article-title":"Prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia: an evidence-based systematic review","volume":"138","author":"Collard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-141-4-200408170-00011","article-title":"Evidence-based clinical practice guideline for the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"141","author":"Dodek","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000079609.81180.15","article-title":"Effect of standardized orders and provider education on head-of-bed positioning in mechanically ventilated patients","volume":"31","author":"Helman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/S0964-3397(03)00028-4","article-title":"Predictors of backrest elevation in critical care","volume":"19","author":"Grap","year":"2003","journal-title":"Intensive Crit Care Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1097\/00044067-200504000-00003","article-title":"Quality improvement in backrest elevation: improving outcomes in critical care","volume":"16","author":"Grap","year":"2005","journal-title":"AACN Clin Issues"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R83","DOI":"10.1186\/cc3030","article-title":"Impact of a nurses' protocol-directed weaning procedure on outcomes in patients undergoing mechanical ventilation for longer than 48 hours: a prospective cohort study with a matched historical control group","volume":"9","author":"Tonnelier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib49","first-page":"52","article-title":"Efficacy of weaning protocol in medical intensive care unit of tertiary care center","volume":"88","author":"Bumroongkit","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thai"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200306-761OC","article-title":"A prospective, controlled trial of a protocol-based strategy to discontinue mechanical ventilation","volume":"169","author":"Krishnan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J\u00a0Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TA.0000124462.61495.45","article-title":"Protocol-driven ventilator weaning reduces use of mechanical ventilation, rate of early reintubation, and ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"56","author":"Dries","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"issue":"5, Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2003.10.0099","article-title":"Using an evidence-based protocol to guide rehabilitation and weaning of ventilator-dependent cervical spinal cord injury patients","volume":"40","author":"Gutierrez","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.4037\/ajcc2003.12.5.454","article-title":"Collaborative practice: development, implementation, and evaluation of a weaning protocol for patients receiving mechanical ventilation","volume":"12","author":"Grap","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-002-1353-z","article-title":"Protocol-directed weaning from mechanical ventilation: clinical outcome in patients randomized for a 30-min or\u00a0120-min trial with pressure support ventilation","volume":"28","author":"Perren","year":"2002","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.137.11.1223","article-title":"Protocol-driven ventilator management in a trauma intensive care unit population","volume":"137","author":"Duane","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.118.2.459","article-title":"Protocol weaning of mechanical ventilation in medical and surgical patients by respiratory care practitioners and nurses: effect on weaning time and incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"118","author":"Marelich","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib57","first-page":"52","article-title":"Reducing the duration of mechanical ventilation: three examples of change in the intensive care unit","volume":"6","author":"Kollef","year":"1998","journal-title":"New Horiz"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.133.5.483","article-title":"Decrease in ventilation time with a standardized weaning process","volume":"133","author":"Horst","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199704000-00004","article-title":"A randomized, controlled trial of protocol-directed versus physician-directed weaning from mechanical ventilation","volume":"25","author":"Kollef","year":"1997","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000127263.54807.79","article-title":"Daily interruption of sedative infusions and complications of critical illness in mechanically ventilated patients","volume":"32","author":"Schweickert","year":"2004","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib61","first-page":"10","article-title":"Optimizing sedation and analgesia in mechanically ventilated patients\u2013an evidence-based approach","volume":"14","author":"Hynes-Gay","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dynamics"},{"issue":"11 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S554","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000145907.86298.12","article-title":"Sedation, analgesia, and neuromuscular blockade in sepsis: an evidence-based review","volume":"32","author":"Vender","year":"2004","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"5 Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3S","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.2005.25.5_Part_2.3S","article-title":"Daily interruption of continuous sedation","volume":"25","author":"Wittbrodt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2048-7940.2005.tb00101.x","article-title":"Evidence-based clinical improvement for mechanically ventilated patients","volume":"30","author":"Hampton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rehabil Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000196830.61965.F1","article-title":"Canadian survey of the use of sedatives, analgesics, and neuromuscular blocking agents in critically ill patients","volume":"34","author":"Mehta","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200005183422002","article-title":"Daily interruption of sedative infusions in critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation","volume":"342","author":"Kress","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J\u00a0Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199206000-00007","article-title":"Colonization of dental plaque by respiratory pathogens in medical intensive care patients","volume":"20","author":"Scannapieco","year":"1992","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.4037\/ajcc2004.13.1.25","article-title":"Oral health and care in the intensive care unit: state of the science","volume":"13","author":"Munro","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-005-0014-4","article-title":"Oral care reduces incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia in ICU populations","volume":"32","author":"Mori","year":"2006","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.4037\/ajcc2005.14.5.389","article-title":"Improving oral care in patients receiving mechanical ventilation","volume":"14","author":"Cutler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib71","first-page":"27","article-title":"The effect of a comprehensive oral care protocol on patients at risk for ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"4","author":"Schleder","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Advocate Health Care"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A13","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200512002-00049","article-title":"A simple, low-cost oral care protocol reduces ventilator-associated pneumonia rates","volume":"33","author":"Sona","year":"2005","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340000585","article-title":"Effects of dental plaque antiseptic decontamination on bacterial colonization and nosocomial infections in critically ill patients","volume":"26","author":"Fourrier","year":"2000","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.4037\/ajcc2005.14.5.378","article-title":"Frequency of oral care and positioning of patients in critical care: a replication study","volume":"14","author":"Hanneman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.4037\/ajcc2003.12.3.220","article-title":"A multisite survey of suctioning techniques and airway management practices","volume":"12","author":"Sole","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.4037\/ajcc2003.12.2.113","article-title":"Oral care interventions in critical care: frequency and documentation","volume":"12","author":"Grap","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2003.05.001","article-title":"Survey of oral care practices in US intensive care units","volume":"32","author":"Binkley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.4037\/ajcc1999.8.5.314","article-title":"Oral care in the adult intensive care unit","volume":"8","author":"Fitch","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.154.1.8680665","article-title":"Pneumonia in intubated patients: role of respiratory airway care","volume":"154","author":"Rello","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.4037\/ajcc2002.11.4.363","article-title":"Suctioning techniques and airway management practices: pilot study and instrument evaluation","volume":"11","author":"Sole","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib81","first-page":"11","article-title":"Subglottic secretion drainage for preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia: a meta-analysis","volume":"118","author":"Dezfulian","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J\u00a0Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.4037\/ajcc2004.13.5.376","article-title":"Effect of kinetic therapy on pulmonary complications","volume":"13","author":"Ahrens","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J\u00a0Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1097\/00001786-200507000-00014","article-title":"Evaluation of outcomes: the effects of continuous lateral rotational therapy","volume":"20","author":"Washington","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Nurs Care Qual"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib84","first-page":"788","article-title":"Continuous lateral rotational therapy in the medical intensive care unit","volume":"102","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Formos Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200209000-00006","article-title":"Effect of continuous lateral rotational therapy on the prevalence of ventilator-associated pneumonia in patients requiring long-term ventilatory care","volume":"30","author":"Kirschenbaum","year":"2002","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2224","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.125.6.2224","article-title":"An educational intervention to reduce ventilator-associated pneumonia in an integrated health system: a comparison of effects","volume":"125","author":"Babcock","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200211000-00001","article-title":"Effect of an education program aimed at reducing the occurrence of ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"30","author":"Zack","year":"2002","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib88","first-page":"243","article-title":"Using a bundle approach to improve ventilator care processes and reduce ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"31","author":"Resar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03016535","article-title":"Adherence to simple and effective measures reduces the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"52","author":"Baxter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Can J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2014","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000142399.70913.2F","article-title":"Eliminating catheter-related bloodstream infections in the intensive care unit","volume":"32","author":"Berenholtz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03510440058033","article-title":"Nosocomial bloodstream infection in critically ill patients. Excess length of stay, extra costs, and attributable mortality","volume":"271","author":"Pittet","year":"1994","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1086\/501639","article-title":"Attributable morbidity and mortality of catheter-related septicemia in critically ill patients: a matched, risk-adjusted, cohort study","volume":"20","author":"Soufir","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1017\/S0195941700080577","article-title":"Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections","volume":"23","author":"O'Grady","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib94","unstructured":"Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI). Getting started kit: prevent central line infections. Available at: http:\/\/www.ihi.org\/NR\/rdonlyres\/BF4CC102-C564-4436-AC3A-0C57B1202872\/0\/CentralLinesHowtoGuideFINAL720.pdf. Accessed March 1, 2006."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib95","first-page":"180","article-title":"Guidelines for the management of intravascular catheter-related infections","volume":"24","author":"Mermel","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Intraven Nurs"},{"issue":"4 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1086\/646902","article-title":"Prevention of central venous catheter-related infections by using maximal sterile barrier precautions during insertion","volume":"15","author":"Raad","year":"1994","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199708000-00033","article-title":"Central venous catheter replacement strategies: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"25","author":"Cook","year":"1997","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000172934.98865.14","article-title":"Chlorhexidine-impregnated dressing for prevention of colonization of central venous catheters in infants and children: a randomized controlled study","volume":"24","author":"Levy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1086\/502459","article-title":"Cost-benefit analysis of chlorhexidine gluconate dressing in the prevention of catheter-related bloodstream infections","volume":"25","author":"Crawford","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2003.08.003","article-title":"Developing and pilot testing quality indicators in the intensive care unit","volume":"18","author":"Pronovost","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200201000-00009","article-title":"Effect of an education program on decreasing catheter-related bloodstream infections in the surgical intensive care unit","volume":"30","author":"Coopersmith","year":"2002","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.139.2.131","article-title":"The impact of bedside behavior on catheter-related bacteremia in the intensive care unit","volume":"139","author":"Coopersmith","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1086\/501572","article-title":"The impact of surgical-site infections in the 1990s: attributable mortality, excess length of hospitalization, and extra costs","volume":"20","author":"Kirkland","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib104","unstructured":"Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI). Getting started kit: prevent surgical site infections. Available at: http:\/\/www.ihi.org\/NR\/rdonlyres\/00EBAF1F-A29F-4822-ABCE-829573255AB8\/0\/SSIHowtoGuideFINAL0803.pdf. Accessed March 6, 2006."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.1086\/421095","article-title":"Antimicrobial prophylaxis for surgery: an advisory statement from the National Surgical Infection Prevention Project","volume":"38","author":"Bratzler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib106","series-title":"Society of Thoracic Surgeons Workforce on Evidence Based Surgery. Antibiotic prophylaxis in cardiac surgery. Part 1, duration of prophylaxis","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2004.05.016","article-title":"Catheter-associated urinary tract infections in intensive care units","volume":"6","author":"Leone","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib108","unstructured":"Wong ES. Guideline for prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infections. Available at: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncidod\/dhqp\/gl_catheter_assoc.html. Accessed March 1, 2006."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib109","series-title":"National nosocomial infections study report","author":"Center for Disease Control (CDC)","year":"1979"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1053\/jhin.2000.0886","article-title":"The epic\u00a0project: developing national evidence-based guidelines for preventing healthcare associated infections. Phase I: Guidelines for preventing hospital-acquired infections. Department of Health (England)","volume":"47","author":"Pratt","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qco.0000200292.37909.e0","article-title":"Epidemiology of intensive care unit-acquired urinary tract infections","volume":"19","author":"Bagshaw","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1053\/jcrc.2002.33029","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors for acquiring nosocomial urinary tract infection in the critically ill","volume":"17","author":"Laupland","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"issue":"50","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.7748\/ns.19.50.51.s24","article-title":"Using silver to reduce catheter-associated urinary tract infections","volume":"19","author":"Gentry","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nurs Stand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2004.05.002","article-title":"Effect of silver-coated urinary catheters: efficacy, cost-effectiveness, and antimicrobial resistance","volume":"32","author":"Rupp","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-144-2-200601170-00009","article-title":"Systematic review: antimicrobial urinary catheters to prevent catheter-associated urinary tract infection in hospitalized patients","volume":"144","author":"Johnson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1177\/1062860605276074","article-title":"Prevention of nosocomial catheter-associated urinary tract infections through computerized feedback to physicians and a nurse-directed protocol","volume":"20","author":"Topal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J\u00a0Med Qual"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003_bib117","unstructured":"Society of Critical Care Medicine. Committed to right care, right now. Available at: http:\/\/www.sccm.org\/professional_resources\/rcrn\/index.asp. Accessed March 3, 2006."}],"container-title":["Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0899588506000839?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0899588506000839?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T11:22:59Z","timestamp":1760268179000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0899588506000839"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]},"references-count":117,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0899588506000839"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0899-5885"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0899-5885","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Implementing Best Practice Strategies to Prevent Infection in the ICU","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.08.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}