{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T17:11:16Z","timestamp":1791047476131,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,1]],"date-time":"2008-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1204329600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,1]],"date-time":"2008-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1204329600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2007.10.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,17]],"date-time":"2008-01-17T08:03:20Z","timestamp":1200557000000},"page":"51-57","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Pain Management in the Traumatic Amputee"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Ann Kobiela","family":"Ketz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2007.10.006_bib1","unstructured":"Amputee monthly statistics. The United States Armed Forces Amputee Patient Care Program; March 1, 2007."},{"issue":"Suppl 10","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2007.10.006_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S179","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-200600001-00039","article-title":"Moderators' summary: amputee care","volume":"14","author":"Smith","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2007.10.006_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/168.11.934","article-title":"Land mine injuries: a study of 708 victims in North Iraq and Cambodia","volume":"168","author":"Husum","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2007.10.006_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/165.6.463","article-title":"A review of orthopedic injuries in three recent U.S. military conflicts","volume":"165","author":"Islinger","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2007.10.006_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/164.1.44","article-title":"Wartime amputations","volume":"164","author":"Jovanovic","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2007.10.006_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2471","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp048317","article-title":"Casualties of war\u2014military care for the wounded from Iraq and Afghanistan","volume":"351","author":"Gawande","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2007.10.006_bib7","unstructured":"Landmines factsheet. Available at: http:\/\/www.un.org\/cyberschoolbus\/banmines\/facts.asp. Accessed November 29, 2004."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2007.10.006_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)90345-X","article-title":"The land mine crisis: a growing epidemic of mutilation","volume":"vol 344","author":"O'Brien","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2007.10.006_bib9","unstructured":"Landmine facts. Available at: http:\/\/www.un.org\/Depts\/dha\/mct\/facts.htm. Accessed April 27, 2007."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2007.10.006_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2006.12.596","article-title":"Integrating ear and scalp acupuncture techniques into the care of blast-injured United States military service members with limb loss","volume":"12","author":"Niemtzow","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Altern Complement Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2007.10.006_bib11","first-page":"100","article-title":"Utilization of prostheses among US veterans with traumatic amputation: a pilot survey","volume":"36","author":"Sherman","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2007.10.006_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/78.6.652","article-title":"Phantom pain and sensation among British veteran amputees","volume":"78","author":"Wartan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2007.10.006_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(90)90179-E","article-title":"Phantom limbs and the concept of a neuromatrix","volume":"13","author":"Melzack","year":"1990","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2007.10.006_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(84)90128-3","article-title":"Chronic phantom and stump pain among American veterans: results of a survey","volume":"18","author":"Sherman","year":"1984","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2007.10.006_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.46.62","article-title":"Prevention and management of painful neuroma","volume":"46","author":"Lewin-Kowalik","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2007.10.006_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/S0885-3924(01)00356-6","article-title":"Variation in phantom limb pain: results of a diary study","volume":"22","author":"Whyte","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"issue":"Suppl 10","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2007.10.006_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S188","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-200600001-00041","article-title":"Amputation is not isolated: an overview of the US army amputee patient care program and associated amputee injuries","volume":"14","author":"Potter","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"Suppl 10","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2007.10.006_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S191","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-200600001-00042","article-title":"Heterotopic ossification in the residual limbs of traumatic and combat-related amputees","volume":"14","author":"Potter","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2007.10.006_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.F.00412","article-title":"Heterotopic ossification following traumatic and combat-related amputations. Prevalence, risk factors, and preliminary results of excision","volume":"89","author":"Potter","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2007.10.006_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2000.7583","article-title":"Chronic phantom sensations, phantom pain, residual limb pain, and other regional pain after lower limb amputation","volume":"81","author":"Ehde","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2007.10.006_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(02)00074-1","article-title":"Phantom-limb pain: characteristics, causes, and treatment","volume":"1","author":"Flor","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2007.10.006_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1991","article-title":"Phantom limb pain: a case of maladaptive CNS plasticity?","volume":"7","author":"Flor","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2007.10.006_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1002\/j.0022-0337.2001.65.12.tb03497.x","article-title":"Pain and the neuromatrix in the brain","volume":"65","author":"Melzack","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Dent Educ"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2007.10.006_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-200205000-00012","article-title":"Methadone for phantom limb pain","volume":"18","author":"Bergmans","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2007.10.006_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1191\/0269215502cr507oa","article-title":"Hypnotic imagery as a treatment for phantom limb pain: two case reports and a review","volume":"16","author":"Oakley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2007.10.006_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011391223713","article-title":"Treatment of phantom limb pain with combined EMG and thermal biofeedback: a case report","volume":"26","author":"Belleggia","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2007.10.006_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(99)00595-9","article-title":"Decrease in phantom limb pain associated with prosthesis-induced increased use of an amputation stump in humans","volume":"272","author":"Weiss","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2007.10.006_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(90)90029-D","article-title":"Pain \u2018memories\u2019 in phantom limbs: review and clinical observations","volume":"43","author":"Katz","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2007.10.006_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(97)00061-4","article-title":"The influence of preamputation pain on postamputation stump and phantom pain","volume":"72","author":"Nikolajsen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2007.10.006_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(85)90090-9","article-title":"Immediate and long-term phantom limb pain in amputees: incidence, clinical characteristics and relationship to pre-amputation limb pain","volume":"21","author":"Jensen","year":"1985","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2007.10.006_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2006.06.004","article-title":"Preamputation pain and acute pain predict chronic pain after lower extremity amputation","volume":"8","author":"Hanley","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"9088","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2007.10.006_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)06315-0","article-title":"Randomised trial of epidural bupivacaine and morphine in prevention of stump and phantom pain in lower-limb amputation","volume":"350","author":"Nikolajsen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2007.10.006_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1097\/00115550-200107000-00007","article-title":"Randomized prospective study comparing preoperative epidural and intraoperative perineural analgesia for the prevention of postoperative stump and phantom limb pain following major amputation","volume":"26","author":"Lambert","year":"2001","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2007.10.006_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2006.03.021","article-title":"Effects of anesthesia on pain after lower-limb amputation","volume":"18","author":"Ong","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2007.10.006_bib35","first-page":"324","article-title":"Prevention of phantom pain after major lower limb amputation by epidural infusion of diamorphine, clonidine and bupivacaine","volume":"76","author":"Jahangiri","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann R Coll Surg Engl"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2007.10.006_bib36","first-page":"481","article-title":"Gabapentin in postamputation phantom limb pain: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study","volume":"27","author":"Bone","year":"2002","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2007.10.006_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2005.05.0082","article-title":"Efficacy of gabapentin in treating chronic phantom limb and residual limb pain","volume":"42","author":"Smith","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2007.10.006_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200611000-00023","article-title":"A randomized study of the effects of gabapentin on postamputation pain","volume":"105","author":"Nikolajsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2007.10.006_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2005.04.025","article-title":"Self-reported treatments used for lower-limb phantom pain: descriptive findings","volume":"87","author":"Hanley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2007.10.006_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(00)00385-7","article-title":"The effect of opioids on phantom limb pain and cortical reorganization","volume":"90","author":"Huse","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"4, Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2007.10.006_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2004.10.005","article-title":"Pharmacologic management of neuropathic pain","volume":"5","author":"Gordon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pain Manag Nurs"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2007.10.006_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199610000-00007","article-title":"Continuous postoperative infusion of a regional anesthetic after an amputation of the lower extremity. A randomized clinical trial","volume":"78","author":"Pinzur","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2007.10.006_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199103000-00004","article-title":"Continuous postoperative regional analgesia by nerve sheath block for amputation surgery\u2014a pilot study","volume":"72","author":"Fisher","year":"1991","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2007.10.006_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-200203000-00003","article-title":"Evidence for the optimal management of acute and chronic phantom pain: a systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Halbert","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2007.10.006_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000233048.15879.0e","article-title":"Surgical treatment of chronic phantom limb sensation and limb pain after lower limb amputation","volume":"118","author":"Prantl","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2007.10.006_bib46","first-page":"369","article-title":"Coverage of painful peripheral nerve neuromas with vascularized soft tissue: method and results","volume":"56","author":"Krishnan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2007.10.006_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1136\/aim.22.2.93","article-title":"Acupuncture treatment of phantom limb pain and phantom limb sensation in amputees","volume":"22","author":"Bradbrook","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acupunct Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2007.10.006_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/0885-3924(91)90521-5","article-title":"Auricular transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) reduces phantom limb pain","volume":"6","author":"Katz","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2007.10.006_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(200012)48:6<842::AID-ANA4>3.0.CO;2-T","article-title":"Phantom limb pain in the human brain: unraveling neural circuitries of phantom limb sensations using positron emission tomography","volume":"48","author":"Willoch","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"5328","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2007.10.006_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1126\/science.277.5328.968","article-title":"Pain affect encoded in human anterior cingulate but not somatosensory cortex","volume":"277","author":"Rainville","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"Pt 9","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2007.10.006_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/121.9.1603","article-title":"The perception of phantom limbs. The D.O. Hebb lecture","volume":"121","author":"Ramachandran","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2007.10.006_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1080\/00207140108410378","article-title":"Neurophysiological processes underlying the phantom limb pain experience and the use of hypnosis in its clinical management: an intensive examination of two patients","volume":"49","author":"Rosen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Hypn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2007.10.006_bib53","series-title":"The spiritual dimension of therapeutic touch","author":"Kunz","year":"2004"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2007.10.006_bib54","first-page":"83","article-title":"Therapeutic touch: two decades of research, teaching and clinical practice","volume":"37","author":"Krieger","year":"1990","journal-title":"Imprint"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2007.10.006_bib55","first-page":"572","article-title":"Alternative medicine: therapeutic touch","volume":"72","author":"Krieger","year":"1976","journal-title":"Nurs Times"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2007.10.006_bib56","unstructured":"Philcox P, Rawlins L, Rodgers L. Therapeutic touch and its effects on phantom limb and stump pain. Cooperative Connection: Newsletter of the Nurse Healers Professional Associates International, Inc. 2003. p. 24."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2007.10.006_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1177\/089431849600900408","article-title":"Rogerian science, phantoms, and therapeutic touch: exploring potentials","volume":"9","author":"Biley","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nurs Sci Q"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2007.10.006_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2006.04.006","article-title":"Management of phantom pain with a textile, electromagnetically-acting stump liner: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study","volume":"32","author":"Kern","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"}],"container-title":["Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0899588507000810?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0899588507000810?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T11:24:07Z","timestamp":1760268247000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0899588507000810"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,3]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0899588507000810"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ccell.2007.10.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["0899-5885"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0899-5885","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Pain Management in the Traumatic Amputee","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ccell.2007.10.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}