{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T00:31:12Z","timestamp":1760315472530,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,1]],"date-time":"2010-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1283299200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,1]],"date-time":"2010-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1283299200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2010.02.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,29]],"date-time":"2010-06-29T04:24:07Z","timestamp":1277785447000},"page":"381-393","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Medical Management of Variceal Hemorrhage"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Tram B.","family":"Cat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Liu-DeRyke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2010.02.004_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e32830280c7","article-title":"Decreasing in-hospital mortality for oesophageal variceal hemorrhage in the USA","volume":"20","author":"Jamal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2010.02.004_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra003007","article-title":"Gastroesophageal variceal hemorrhage","volume":"345","author":"Sharara","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2010.02.004_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.10.011","article-title":"Epidemiology of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding","volume":"22","author":"van Leerdam","year":"2008","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2010.02.004_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-008-0454-0","article-title":"Independent factors associated with recurrent bleeding in cirrhotic patients with esophageal variceal hemorrhage","volume":"54","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2010.02.004_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008","article-title":"Portal hypertension and variceal hemorrhage","volume":"93","author":"Sass","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2010.02.004_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(81)90144-X","article-title":"The course of patients after variceal hemorrhage","volume":"80","author":"Graham","year":"1981","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2010.02.004_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(78)90290-8","article-title":"The mortality of bleeding esophageal varices in a private university hospital","volume":"136","author":"Koransky","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2010.02.004_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2007.137489","article-title":"Predictors of early re-bleeding and mortality after acute variceal haemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"57","author":"Bambha","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2010.02.004_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840050313","article-title":"Portal pressure, presence of gastroesophageal varices and variceal bleeding","volume":"5","author":"Garcia-Tsao","year":"1985","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2010.02.004_bib10","first-page":"1297","article-title":"Hemodynamic evaluation of patients with intrahepatic portal hypertension. Relationship between bleeding varices and the portohepatic gradient","volume":"69","author":"Viallet","year":"1975","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2010.02.004_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)91740-3","article-title":"Relation between portal pressure response to pharmacotherapy and risk of recurrent variceal haemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"346","author":"Feu","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2010.02.004_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2009.03.009","article-title":"Predicting poor outcome from acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage","volume":"38","author":"Chiu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2010.02.004_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2009.191","article-title":"Management and treatment of patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension: recommendations from the Department of Veterans Affairs Hepatitis C Resource Center Program and the National Hepatitis C Program","volume":"104","author":"Garcia-Tsao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2010.02.004_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2086","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2007.01481.x","article-title":"Prevention and management of gastroesophageal varices and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis","volume":"102","author":"Garcia-Tsao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2010.02.004_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2303","DOI":"10.2165\/0003495-200868160-00004","article-title":"Variceal bleeding: pharmacological treatment and prophylactic strategies","volume":"68","author":"Villanueva","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2010.02.004_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1007133","article-title":"Pharmacological treatment of portal hypertension: an evidence-based approach","volume":"19","author":"D'Amico","year":"1999","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2010.02.004_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1997.v113.pm9352866","article-title":"Effects of isosorbide-5-mononitrate compared with propranolol on first bleeding and long-term survival in cirrhosis","volume":"113","author":"Angelico","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2010.02.004_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2003.50032","article-title":"Nadolol plus spironolactone in the prophylaxis of first variceal bleed in nonascitic cirrhotic patients: a preliminary study","volume":"37","author":"Abecasis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2010.02.004_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2842","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2007.01564.x","article-title":"Banding ligation versus beta-blockers as primary prophylaxis in esophageal varices: systematic review of randomized trials","volume":"102","author":"Gluud","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2010.02.004_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2005.02346.x","article-title":"Meta-analysis: endoscopic variceal ligation for primary prophylaxis of oesophageal variceal bleeding","volume":"21","author":"Khuroo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2010.02.004_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21605","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness analysis of variceal ligation vs. beta-blockers for primary prevention of variceal bleeding","volume":"45","author":"Imperiale","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2010.02.004_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2006.00453.x","article-title":"Pharmacological reduction of portal pressure and long-term risk of first variceal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"101","author":"Turnes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2010.02.004_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20584","article-title":"Variceal ligation plus nadolol compared with ligation for prophylaxis of variceal rebleeding: a multicenter trial","volume":"41","author":"de la Pena","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2010.02.004_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-149-2-200807150-00007","article-title":"Meta-analysis: combination endoscopic and drug therapy to prevent variceal rebleeding in cirrhosis","volume":"149","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2010.02.004_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2000.16236","article-title":"Endoscopic variceal ligation plus nadolol and sucralfate compared with ligation alone for the prevention of variceal rebleeding: a prospective, randomized trial","volume":"32","author":"Lo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2010.02.004_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-96-5-565","article-title":"Continuous intravenous vasopressin in active upper gastrointestinal bleeding","volume":"96","author":"Fogel","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2010.02.004_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840060313","article-title":"Controlled trial of vasopressin plus nitroglycerin vs. vasopressin alone in the treatment of bleeding esophageal varices","volume":"6","author":"Tsai","year":"1986","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2010.02.004_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840060314","article-title":"A randomized trial of vasopressin and vasopressin plus nitroglycerin in the control of acute variceal hemorrhage","volume":"6","author":"Gimson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2010.02.004_bib29","first-page":"78","article-title":"A prospective randomized controlled trial of sandostatin and vasopressin in the management of acute bleeding esophageal varices","volume":"15","author":"Huang","year":"1992","journal-title":"Changgeng Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2010.02.004_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(05)80663-4","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial comparing octreotide and vasopressin in the control of acute esophageal variceal bleeding","volume":"16","author":"Hwang","year":"1992","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2010.02.004_bib31","first-page":"61","article-title":"Terlipressin plus transdermal nitroglycerin vs. octreotide in the control of acute bleeding from esophageal varices: a multicenter randomized trial","volume":"18","author":"Silvain","year":"1993","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2010.02.004_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)91758-E","article-title":"Octreotide infusion or emergency sclerotherapy for variceal haemorrhage","volume":"342","author":"Sung","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2010.02.004_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.41.4.526","article-title":"A multicentre randomised trial comparing octreotide and injection sclerotherapy in the management and outcome of acute variceal haemorrhage","volume":"41","author":"Jenkins","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2010.02.004_bib34","first-page":"168","article-title":"A prospective randomized trial from Turkey comparing octreotide versus injection sclerotherapy in acute variceal bleeding","volume":"47","author":"Sivri","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hepatogastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2010.02.004_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510280507","article-title":"Octreotide compared with placebo in a treatment strategy for early rebleeding in cirrhosis. A double blind, randomized pragmatic trial","volume":"28","author":"D'Amico","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2010.02.004_bib36","first-page":"1310","article-title":"Octreotide in acute bleeding esophageal varices: a prospective randomized study","volume":"47","author":"Freitas","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hepatogastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2010.02.004_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199508313330904","article-title":"Sclerotherapy with or without octreotide for acute variceal bleeding","volume":"333","author":"Besson","year":"1995","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2010.02.004_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)92840-5","article-title":"Prospective randomised study of effect of octreotide on rebleeding from oesophageal varices after endoscopic ligation","volume":"346","author":"Sung","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2010.02.004_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1016\/0270-9139(95)90054-3","article-title":"Sclerotherapy plus octreotide versus sclerotherapy alone in the prevention of early rebleeding from esophageal varices: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. New Italian Endoscopic Club","volume":"21","author":"Primignani","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2010.02.004_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2000.01858.x","article-title":"Comparison of endoscopic variceal sclerotherapy alone and in combination with octreotide in controlling acute variceal hemorrhage and early rebleeding in patients with low-risk cirrhosis","volume":"95","author":"Zuberi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2010.02.004_bib41","first-page":"195","article-title":"Octreotide for esophageal variceal bleeding treated with endoscopic sclerotherapy: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"54","author":"Morales","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatogastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2010.02.004_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2001.22451","article-title":"Octreotide for acute esophageal variceal bleeding: a meta-analysis","volume":"120","author":"Corley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2010.02.004_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-16526","article-title":"Meta-analysis: efficacy of therapeutic regimens in ongoing variceal bleeding","volume":"33","author":"Gross","year":"2001","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2010.02.004_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2001.20892","article-title":"Desensitization to the effects of intravenous octreotide in cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension","volume":"120","author":"Escorsell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2010.02.004_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2980","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.2980","article-title":"Proton pump inhibitors in cirrhosis: tradition or evidence based practice?","volume":"14","author":"Lodato","year":"2008","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2010.02.004_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.29.3.248","article-title":"Continuous infusion of pantoprazole with octreotide does not improve management of variceal hemorrhage","volume":"29","author":"Alaniz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2010.02.004_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2004.40179.x","article-title":"Acute administration of carvedilol is more effective than propranolol plus isosorbide-5-mononitrate in the reduction of portal pressure in patients with viral cirrhosis","volume":"99","author":"Lin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2010.02.004_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23045","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of carvedilol versus variceal band ligation for the prevention of the first variceal bleed","volume":"50","author":"Tripathi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2010.02.004_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22216","article-title":"Recombinant factor VIIa for variceal bleeding in patients with advanced cirrhosis: a randomized, controlled trial","volume":"47","author":"Bosch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2010.02.004_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.07.015","article-title":"Recombinant factor VIIa for upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis: a randomized, double-blind trial","volume":"127","author":"Bosch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"}],"container-title":["Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0899588510000079?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0899588510000079?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T11:25:35Z","timestamp":1760268335000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0899588510000079"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0899588510000079"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ccell.2010.02.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["0899-5885"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0899-5885"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Medical Management of Variceal Hemorrhage","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ccell.2010.02.004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}