{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T05:44:00Z","timestamp":1761803040028,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004374","name":"Medtronic","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004374","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cardiacep.theclinics.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cardiac Electrophysiology Clinics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]],"date-time":"2022-11-14T15:56:19Z","timestamp":1668441379000},"page":"657-677","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Patient Selection, Techniques, and Complication Mitigation for Epicardial Ventricular Tachycardia Ablation"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Timothy","family":"Maher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John-Ross","family":"Clarke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zain","family":"Virk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andre","family":"d\u2019Avila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.1996.tb00559.x","article-title":"A\u00a0new technique to perform epicardial mapping in the electrophysiology laboratory","volume":"7","author":"Sosa","year":"1996","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.1998.tb00907.x","article-title":"Endocardial and epicardial ablation guided by nonsurgical transthoracic epicardial mapping to treat recurrent ventricular tachycardia","volume":"9","author":"Sosa","year":"1998","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2019.03.002","article-title":"2019 HRS\/EHRA\/APHRS\/LAHRS expert consensus statement on catheter ablation of ventricular arrhythmias","volume":"17","author":"Cronin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2015.05.036","article-title":"Freedom from recurrent ventricular tachycardia after catheter ablation is associated with improved survival in patients with structural heart disease: an International VT Ablation Center Collaborative Group study","volume":"12","author":"Tung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/eux332","article-title":"Management of ventricular tachycardia in the ablation era: results of the European Heart Rhythm Association Survey","volume":"20","author":"Tilz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Europace"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000087407.53326.31","article-title":"Percutaneous pericardial instrumentation for endo-epicardial mapping of previously failed ablations","volume":"108","author":"Schweikert","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.14013","article-title":"Endo-epicardial vs endocardial-only catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia: a meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Cardoso","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib8","first-page":"13","article-title":"Combined endocardial-epicardial versus endocardial catheter ablation alone for ventricular tachycardia in structural heart disease","volume":"5","author":"Romero","year":"2019","journal-title":"JACC: Clin Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Percutaneous epicardial approach to catheter ablation of cardiac arrhythmias","volume":"6","author":"Aryana","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC: Clin Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.03.044","article-title":"Endo-epicardial homogenization of the scar versus limited substrate ablation for the treatment of electrical storms in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy","volume":"60","author":"Di Biase","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.66.6.1199","article-title":"The incidence and clinical significance of epicardial late potentials in patients with recurrent sustained ventricular tachycardia and coronary artery disease","volume":"66","author":"Josephson","year":"1982","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198003133021101","article-title":"Ventricular resection guided by epicardial and endocardial mapping for treatment of recurrent ventricular tachycardia","volume":"302","author":"Horowitz","year":"1980","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(90)90194-T","article-title":"Termination of ventricular tachycardia with epicardial laser photocoagulation: a clinical comparison with patients undergoing successful endocardial photocoagulation alone","volume":"15","author":"Svenson","year":"1990","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.84.3.1058","article-title":"Epicardial and endocardial mapping of ventricular tachycardia in patients with myocardial infarction. Is the origin of the tachycardia always subendocardially localized?","volume":"84","author":"Kaltenbrunner","year":"1991","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.13739","article-title":"Epicardial ventricular tachycardia in ischemic cardiomyopathy: prevalence, electrophysiological characteristics, and long-term ablation outcomes","volume":"29","author":"Hayashi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.115.002827","article-title":"Endo-epicardial versus only-endocardial ablation as a first line strategy for the treatment of ventricular tachycardia in patients with ischemic heart disease","volume":"8","author":"Izquierdo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2012.12.013","article-title":"Epicardial ablation of ventricular tachycardia: an institutional experience of safety and efficacy","volume":"10","author":"Tung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.12.044","article-title":"Simultaneous endocardial and epicardial delineation of 3D reentrant ventricular tachycardia","volume":"75","author":"Tung","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.110.959957","article-title":"Endocardial unipolar voltage mapping to detect epicardial VT substrate in patients with nonischemic left ventricular cardiomyopathy","volume":"4","author":"Hutchinson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2010.09.088","article-title":"Endocardial unipolar voltage mapping to identify epicardial substrate in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy\/dysplasia","volume":"8","author":"Polin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2007.07.004","article-title":"Site-specific twelve-lead ECG features to identify an epicardial origin for left ventricular tachycardia in the absence of myocardial infarction","volume":"4","author":"Bazan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000125525.04081.4B","article-title":"Electrocardiographic Recognition of the Epicardial Origin of Ventricular Tachycardias","volume":"109","author":"Berruezo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2011.02179.x","article-title":"QRS characteristics fail to reliably identify ventricular tachycardias that require epicardial ablation in ischemic heart disease","volume":"23","author":"Martinek","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.109.859942","article-title":"ECG criteria to identify epicardial ventricular tachycardia in nonischemic cardiomyopathy","volume":"3","author":"Vall\u00e8s","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib25","first-page":"421","article-title":"Delayed enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance imaging can identify the risk for ventricular tachycardia in Chagas\u2019 cardiomyopathy","volume":"98","author":"de Mello","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arq Bras Cardiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.14015","article-title":"Comparison of the amount and\u00a0patterns of late enhancement in Chagas disease according to the presence and type of ventricular tachycardia","volume":"30","author":"Melendez-Ramirez","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2020.02.009","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of combined endocardial\/epicardial catheter ablation for ventricular tachycardia in Chagas disease: a randomized controlled study","volume":"17","author":"Pisani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.834903","article-title":"Epicardial substrate and outcome with epicardial ablation of ventricular tachycardia in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy\/dysplasia","volume":"120","author":"Garcia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.110.960740","article-title":"Combined endocardial and epicardial catheter ablation in arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia incorporating scar dechanneling technique","volume":"5","author":"Berruezo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2021.01.028","article-title":"Spatial and transmural properties of the reentrant ventricular tachycardia circuit in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: simultaneous epicardial and endocardial recordings","volume":"18","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e010365","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.010365","article-title":"Catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy\/dysplasia: a sequential approach","volume":"8","author":"Mathew","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.111.963066","article-title":"Ablation of ventricular arrhythmias in arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia\/cardiomyopathy: arrhythmia-free survival after endo-epicardial substrate based mapping and ablation","volume":"4","author":"Bai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythmia Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib33","first-page":"694","article-title":"Ablation strategies for arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"SHEN","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Geriatr Cardiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.117.005053","article-title":"Electrical substrate elimination in 135 consecutive patients with brugada syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Pappone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythmia Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.972612","article-title":"Prevention of ventricular fibrillation episodes in brugada syndrome by catheter ablation over the anterior right ventricular outflow tract epicardium","volume":"123","author":"Nademanee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.110.957290","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of combined epicardial and endocardial ablation of monomorphic ventricular tachycardia related to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"4","author":"Dukkipati","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythmia Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2010.05.022","article-title":"Radiofrequency catheter ablation of ventricular arrhythmias in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: safety and feasibility","volume":"7","author":"Santangeli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.01.036","article-title":"Ventricular arrhythmias in myocarditis: characterization and relationships with myocardial inflammation","volume":"75","author":"Peretto","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.08.012","article-title":"Inflammation as a predictor of recurrent ventricular tachycardia after ablation in patients with myocarditis","volume":"76","author":"Peretto","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/eux077","article-title":"Catheter ablation for ventricular tachycardia in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis: a systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Papageorgiou","year":"2018","journal-title":"EP Europace"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.14341","article-title":"Impact of the inflammation on the outcomes of catheter ablation of drug-refractory ventricular tachycardia in cardiac sarcoidosis","volume":"31","author":"Kaur","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.003063","article-title":"Outcomes in catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia in dilated nonischemic cardiomyopathy compared with ischemic cardiomyopathy","volume":"129","author":"Dinov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib44","first-page":"1141","article-title":"Outcomes of catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia based on etiology in nonischemic heart disease: an international ventricular tachycardia ablation center collaborative study","volume":"4","author":"Vaseghi","year":"2018","journal-title":"JACC: Clin Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2009.05.032","article-title":"Electroanatomic substrate and ablation outcome for suspected epicardial ventricular tachycardia in left ventricular nonischemic cardiomyopathy","volume":"54","author":"Cano","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000078641.19365.4C","article-title":"Differentiation of heart failure related to dilated cardiomyopathy and coronary artery disease using gadolinium-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance","volume":"108","author":"McCrohon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.114.002377","article-title":"Percutaneous epicardial ablation of ventricular arrhythmias arising from the left ventricular summit","volume":"8","author":"Santangeli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythmia Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2011.07.027","article-title":"The critical isthmus sites of ischemic ventricular tachycardia are in zones of tissue heterogeneity, visualized by magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"8","author":"Estner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.11.052","article-title":"Delayed-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in nonischemic cardiomyopathy","volume":"53","author":"Bogun","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2015.07.010","article-title":"Infarct transmurality as a criterion for first-line endo-epicardial substrate\u2013guided ventricular tachycardia ablation in ischemic cardiomyopathy","volume":"13","author":"Acosta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2014.03.013","article-title":"CMR-based identification of critical isthmus sites of ischemic and nonischemic ventricular tachycardia","volume":"7","author":"Piers","year":"2014","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.113.000537","article-title":"Contrast-enhanced MRI-derived scar patterns and associated ventricular tachycardias in nonischemic cardiomyopathy: implications for the ablation strategy","volume":"6","author":"Piers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2018.02.007","article-title":"Image-based criteria to identify the presence of epicardial arrhythmogenic substrate in patients with transmural myocardial infarction","volume":"15","author":"Soto-Iglesias","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2017.05.018","article-title":"Cardiac magnetic resonance\u2013aided scar dechanneling: influence on acute and long-term outcomes","volume":"14","author":"Andreu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/pace.14183","article-title":"The role of imaging in catheter ablation of ventricular arrhythmias","author":"Berruezo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pacing Clin Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib56","first-page":"436","article-title":"Cardiac magnetic resonance-guided ventricular tachycardia substrate ablation","volume":"6","author":"Soto-Iglesias David","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC: Clin Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.112.000191","article-title":"Regional myocardial wall thinning at multi-detector computed tomography correlates to arrhythmogenic substrate in post-infarction ventricular tachycardia: assessment of structural and electrical substrate","volume":"6","author":"Komatsu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2016.11.012","article-title":"Myocardial wall thinning predicts transmural substrate in patients with scar-related ventricular tachycardia","volume":"14","author":"Yamashita","year":"2017","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.10.087","article-title":"Endocardial ablation to eliminate epicardial arrhythmia substrate in scar-related ventricular tachycardia","volume":"63","author":"Komatsu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib60","first-page":"822","article-title":"Cardiac CT with delayed enhancement in the characterization of ventricular tachycardia structural substrate: relationship between CT-segmented scar and electro-anatomic mapping","volume":"9","author":"Esposito","year":"2016","journal-title":"JACC: Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2009.01680.x","article-title":"Image integration using intracardiac ultrasound and 3D reconstruction for scar mapping and ablation of ventricular tachycardia","volume":"21","author":"Bunch","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.111.963553","article-title":"Assessing epicardial substrate using intracardiac echocardiography during VT ablation","volume":"4","author":"Bala","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythmia Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.14282","article-title":"Epicardial approach for cardiac electrophysiology procedures","volume":"31","author":"Aryana","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrcr.2018.08.002","article-title":"Damage to the left internal mammary artery during anterior epicardial access for ventricular tachycardia ablation","volume":"4","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"HeartRhythm Case Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.108.803676","article-title":"Utility of the lateral fluoroscopic view for subxiphoid pericardial access","volume":"2","author":"Weerasooriya","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythmia Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-020-01711-z","article-title":"Epicardial access for VT ablation: analysis of two different puncture techniques, incidence of adhesions and complication management","volume":"110","author":"Mathew","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Res Cardiol"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2009.10.084","article-title":"Epicardial ventricular tachycardia ablation: a multicenter safety study","volume":"55","author":"Sacher","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/eus258","article-title":"Epicardial catheter ablation for ventricular tachycardia in heparinized patients","volume":"15","author":"Page","year":"2013","journal-title":"Europace"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s10840-018-0441-0","article-title":"Feasibility and safety of percutaneous epicardial access for mapping and ablation for ventricular arrhythmias in patients on oral anticoagulants","volume":"54","author":"Miyamoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Interv Card Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.118.006714","article-title":"Complications and anticoagulation strategies for percutaneous epicardial ablation procedures","volume":"11","author":"Nakamura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythmia Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"17\u201318","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1007\/s10354-013-0178-4","article-title":"Congenital complete and partial absence of the left pericardium","volume":"163","author":"Jurko","year":"2013","journal-title":"Wien Med Wochenschr"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm7110399","article-title":"Pericardial cyst: never too late to diagnose","volume":"7","author":"Lennon Collins","year":"2018","journal-title":"JCM"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0742-2822.2004.03097.x","article-title":"Pericardial cyst: case reports and a literature review","volume":"21","author":"Patel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.15210","article-title":"CT-guided percutaneous epicardial access for ventricular tachycardia ablation: a proof-of-concept study","author":"Subramanian","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2007.00945.x","article-title":"Experimental efficacy of pericardial instillation of anti-inflammatory agents during percutaneous epicardial catheter ablation to prevent postprocedure pericarditis","volume":"18","author":"D\u2019avila","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.12485","article-title":"Obesity does not increase complication rate of percutaneous epicardial access","volume":"25","author":"Wan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2009.01645.x","article-title":"Percutaneous access of the epicardial space for mapping ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias in patients with and without prior cardiac surgery","volume":"21","author":"Roberts-Thomson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2012.10.012","article-title":"Percutaneous epicardial ventricular tachycardia ablation after noncoronary cardiac surgery or pericarditis","volume":"10","author":"Tschabrunn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000140725.42845.90","article-title":"Subxiphoid surgical approach for epicardial catheter-based mapping and ablation in patients with prior cardiac surgery or difficult pericardial access","volume":"110","author":"Soejima","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2017.11.009","article-title":"Hybrid surgical vs percutaneous access epicardial ventricular tachycardia ablation","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.115.002921","article-title":"Differences in complication rates between large bore needle and a long micropuncture needle during epicardial access: time to change clinical practice?","volume":"8","author":"Gunda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2016.01.022","article-title":"Short and long-term outcomes of percutaneous left atrial appendage suture ligation: results from a US multicenter evaluation","volume":"13","author":"Lakkireddy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2017.02.033","article-title":"Initial international multicenter human experience with a novel epicardial access needle embedded with a real-time pressure\/frequency monitoring to facilitate epicardial access: feasibility and safety","volume":"14","author":"Di Biase","year":"2017","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.13325","article-title":"Near-field impedance accurately distinguishes among pericardial, intracavitary, and anterior mediastinal position","volume":"28","author":"Burkland","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib85","first-page":"78","article-title":"Ultrathin endoscopy-guided pericardiocentesis: a pilot study in a swine model","volume":"28","author":"Nakatsuma","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Invasive Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib86","first-page":"85","article-title":"A\u00a0new era in epicardial access for the ablation of ventricular arrhythmias","volume":"7","author":"Juli\u00e1","year":"2021","journal-title":"JACC: Clin Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2011.03.059","article-title":"Management of hemopericardium related to percutaneous epicardial access, mapping, and ablation","volume":"8","author":"Koruth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.14050","article-title":"Management of acute cardiac tamponade by direct autologous blood transfusion in interventional electrophysiology","volume":"30","author":"Beyls","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.111.965731","article-title":"Unusual complications of percutaneous epicardial access and epicardial mapping and ablation of cardiac arrhythmias","volume":"4","author":"Koruth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9592.2002.01488.x","article-title":"Effects of radiofrequency pulses delivered in the vicinity of the coronary arteries: implications for nonsurgical transthoracic epicardial catheter ablation to treat ventricular tachycardia","volume":"25","author":"D\u2019Avila","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pacing Clin Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.110.961508","article-title":"Acute and chronic effects of epicardial radiofrequency applications delivered on epicardial coronary arteries","volume":"4","author":"Viles-Gonzalez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2008.09.033","article-title":"Characterization of the phrenic nerve course within the epicardial substrate of patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy and ventricular tachycardia","volume":"6","author":"Fan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.115.002818","article-title":"Epicardial phrenic nerve displacement during catheter ablation of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias: procedural experience and outcomes","volume":"8","author":"Kumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythmia Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2009.03.022","article-title":"Prevention of phrenic nerve injury during epicardial ablation: comparison of methods for separating the phrenic nerve from the epicardial surface","volume":"6","author":"Di Biase","year":"2009","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2008.03.074","article-title":"Aspirated air in the pericardial space during epicardial catheterization may elevate the defibrillation threshold","volume":"135","author":"Yamada","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib96","series-title":"Percutaneous epicardial interventions: a guide for cardiac electrophysiologists","first-page":"185","article-title":"Multielectrode epicardial mapping","author":"Sroubek","year":"2020"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2005.12.030","article-title":"Mapping epicardial fat with multi-detector computed tomography to facilitate percutaneous transepicardial arrhythmia ablation","volume":"57","author":"Abbara","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/eup156","article-title":"The influence of fat thickness on the human epicardial bipolar electrogram characteristics: measurements on patients undergoing open-heart surgery","volume":"11","author":"Saba","year":"2009","journal-title":"EP Europace"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2009.11.023","article-title":"Distinguishing epicardial fat from scar: analysis of electrograms using high-density electroanatomic mapping in a novel porcine infarct model","volume":"7","author":"Tung","year":"2010","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.111.974501","article-title":"Endocardial versus epicardial ventricular radiofrequency ablation: utility of in\u00a0vivo contact force assessment","volume":"6","author":"Sacher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythmia Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2016.05.008","article-title":"Impact of irrigation flow rate and intrapericardial fluid on cooled-tip epicardial radiofrequency ablation","volume":"13","author":"Aryana","year":"2016","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2011.06.020","article-title":"Ablation of epicardial ventricular arrhythmias from nonepicardial sites","volume":"8","author":"Yokokawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.114.002522","article-title":"Role of alternative interventional procedures when endo- and epicardial catheter ablation attempts for ventricular arrhythmias fail","volume":"8","author":"Kumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.06.006","article-title":"Ablation of left ventricular epicardial outflow tract tachycardia from the distal great cardiac vein","volume":"48","author":"Obel","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.109.910802","article-title":"Mapping and ablation of epicardial idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias from within the coronary venous system","volume":"3","author":"Baman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythmia Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.116.004352","article-title":"Retrograde coronary venous ethanol infusion for ablation of refractory ventricular tachycardia","volume":"9","author":"Kreidieh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2016.09.005","article-title":"Totally endoscopic robotic epicardial ablation of refractory left ventricular summit arrhythmia: first-in-man","volume":"14","author":"Aziz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib108","first-page":"1176","article-title":"Prospective multicenter experience with cooled radiofrequency ablation using high impedance irrigant to target deep myocardial substrate refractory to standard ablation","volume":"4","author":"Nguyen","year":"2018","journal-title":"JACC: Clin Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.038261","article-title":"Phase I\/II trial of electrophysiology-guided noninvasive cardiac radioablation for ventricular tachycardia","volume":"139","author":"Robinson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"}],"container-title":["Cardiac Electrophysiology Clinics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1877918222000661?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1877918222000661?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T05:41:40Z","timestamp":1761802900000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1877918222000661"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"references-count":108,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S1877918222000661"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["1877-9182"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1877-9182"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Patient Selection, Techniques, and Complication Mitigation for Epicardial Ventricular Tachycardia Ablation","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Cardiac Electrophysiology Clinics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ccep.2022.07.007","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}