{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T23:02:48Z","timestamp":1779922968489,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,1]],"date-time":"2009-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1235865600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,1]],"date-time":"2009-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1235865600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinics in Chest Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,31]],"date-time":"2009-01-31T04:30:39Z","timestamp":1233376239000},"page":"71-87","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["ICU Management of Acute Liver Failure"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Michael L.","family":"Schilsky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shyoko","family":"Honiden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsay","family":"Arnott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sukru","family":"Emre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib1","first-page":"282","article-title":"The management of fulminant hepatic failure","volume":"3","author":"Trey","year":"1970","journal-title":"Prog Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1073116","article-title":"Acute liver failure: mechanisms of hepatocytes injury and regeneration","volume":"28","author":"Rutherford","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0598-588","article-title":"Hepatic failure and liver cell damage in acute Wilson's disease involve CD95 (APO-1\/Fas)-mediated apoptosis","volume":"4","author":"Strand","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1997.8313","article-title":"Role of the mitochondrial permeability transition in salicylate toxicity to cultured rat hepatocytes: implications for the pathogenesis of Reye's syndrome","volume":"147","author":"Trost","year":"1997","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198812153192401","article-title":"Efficacy of oral N-acetylcysteine in the treatment of acetaminophen overdose. Analysis of the national multicenter study (1976 to 1985)","volume":"319","author":"Smilkstein","year":"1988","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X9101900203","article-title":"Liver dysfunction in critical illness","volume":"19","author":"Hawker","year":"1991","journal-title":"Anaesth Intensive Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-3623(96)00183-8","article-title":"Ozonation of cytochrome P450 expression, drug metabolism, and toxicity in liver","volume":"28","author":"Lindros","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gen Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-137-12-200212170-00007","article-title":"Results of a prospective study of acute liver failure at 17 tertiary care centers in the United States","volume":"137","author":"Ostapowicz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.21144","article-title":"Etiologies of acute liver failure: location, location, location","volume":"13","author":"Polson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib10","first-page":"291","article-title":"Paracetamol, alcohol and the liver","volume":"49","author":"Prescott","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br\u00a0J\u00a0Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib11","first-page":"315","article-title":"Susceptibility to alcohol-related liver injury","volume":"2","author":"Lieber","year":"1994","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2007.05340.x","article-title":"Acute liver failure following therapeutic paracetamol administration in patients with muscular dystrophies","volume":"63","author":"Pearce","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2995","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(84)90599-9","article-title":"Mechanism of action of paracetamol protective agents in mice in vivo","volume":"33","author":"Miners","year":"1984","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.01.033","article-title":"Measurement of serum acetaminophen\u2013protein adducts in patients with acute liver failure","volume":"130","author":"Davern","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(98)70501-3","article-title":"Efficacy of oral versus intravenous N-acetylcysteine in acetaminophen overdose: results of an open-label, clinical trial","volume":"132","author":"Perry","year":"1998","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-6757(87)90166-5","article-title":"The effect of activated charcoal on N-acetylcysteine absorption in normal subjects","volume":"5","author":"Ekins","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib17","first-page":"3195","article-title":"Mushroom poisoning\u2014from diarrhea to liver transplantation","volume":"96","author":"Broussard","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(78)90091-1","article-title":"Effects of penicillin and silymarin on liver enzymes and blood clotting factors in dogs given a boiled preparation of amanita phalloides","volume":"46","author":"Floersheim","year":"1978","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200730040-00001","article-title":"Drug-induced liver injury","volume":"30","author":"Abboud","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196810102791504","article-title":"Fulminant hepatic failure. Presumable contribution to halothane","volume":"279","author":"Trey","year":"1968","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21486","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of lamivudine to treat acute hepatitis B","volume":"45","author":"Kumar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib22","unstructured":"HBV acute ALFSG experience. In press."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198711123172004","article-title":"Outbreak of severe hepatitis due to delta and hepatitis B viruses in parenteral drug abusers and their contacts","volume":"317","author":"Lettau","year":"1987","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-147-1-200707030-00005","article-title":"Maternal and fetal outcomes in pregnant women with acute hepatitis E virus infection","volume":"147","author":"Patra","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2008.01840.x","article-title":"Hepatitis E and pregnancy: understanding the pathogenesis","volume":"9","author":"Navaneethan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.500040612","article-title":"Fulminant Epstein-Barr viral hepatitis: orthotopic liver transplantation and review of the literature","volume":"4","author":"Feranchak","year":"1998","journal-title":"Liver Transpl Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22261","article-title":"A practice guideline on Wilson disease","volume":"47","author":"Roberts","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(85)80016-0","article-title":"Orthotopic liver transplantation for acute fulminant Wilson disease","volume":"107","author":"Sokol","year":"1985","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib29","unstructured":"Korman JD, Volenberg I, Balko J, et al. Screening for Wilson disease in acute liver failure by serum testing: a comparison of currently used tests. Hepatology 4:1030\u20132."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(99)70567-3","article-title":"Reversible peripartum liver failure: a new perspective on the diagnosis, treatment, and cause of acute fatty liver of pregnancy, based on 28 consecutive cases","volume":"181","author":"Castro","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199906033402204","article-title":"A fetal fatty-acid oxidation disorder as a cause of liver disease in pregnant women","volume":"340","author":"Ibdah","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1002\/jca.20168","article-title":"Postpartum plasma exchange as adjunctive therapy for severe acute fatty liver of pregnancy","volume":"23","author":"Martin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Apher"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(21)00611-7","article-title":"Care of the pregnancy complicated by HELLP syndrome","volume":"21","author":"Barton","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(05)80249-1","article-title":"Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent\u2013shunt (TIPS) in the treatment of Budd-Chiari syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Ochs","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-200009000-00006","article-title":"A 27-year experience with surgical treatment of Budd-Chiari syndrome","volume":"232","author":"Orloff","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra020282","article-title":"The Budd-Chiari syndrome","volume":"350","author":"Menon","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.04.008","article-title":"Prevalence of the activating JAK2 tyrosine kinase mutation V617F in the Budd-Chiari syndrome","volume":"130","author":"Patel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.4065\/81.9.1232","article-title":"Hypoxic liver injury","volume":"81","author":"Ebert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1097\/00043426-200212000-00013","article-title":"Hepatic veno-occlusive disease in blood and bone marrow transplantation in children and young adults: incidence, risk factors, and outcome in a cohort of 241 patients","volume":"24","author":"Reiss","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Pediatr Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1177\/030089160609200417","article-title":"Acute liver failure as the initial manifestation of hepatic infiltration by a solid tumor: report of 5 cases and review of the literature","volume":"92","author":"Alexopoulou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Tumori"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra050408","article-title":"Autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"354","author":"Krawitt","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1076\/clin.13.3.314.1737","article-title":"Trail making test in chronic toxic encephalopathy: performance and discriminative potential","volume":"13","author":"Nilson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(89)90081-4","article-title":"Early indicators of prognosis in fulminant hepatic failure","volume":"97","author":"O'Grady","year":"1989","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.20352","article-title":"Wilson's disease in children: 37-year experience and revised King's score for liver transplantation","volume":"11","author":"Dhawan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.21236","article-title":"Predictive value of actin-free Gc-globulin in acute liver failure","volume":"13","author":"Schi\u00f8dt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2003.50040","article-title":"Serum phosphate as a predictor of outcome in acetaminophen-induced fulminant hepatic failure","volume":"37","author":"Gow","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510290309","article-title":"Cerebral herniation in patients with acute liver failure is correlated with arterial ammonia concentration","volume":"29","author":"Clemmesen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jcbfm.9600168","article-title":"Persistent arterial hyperammonemia increases the concentration of glutamine and alanine in the brain and correlates with intracranial pressure in patients with fulminant hepatic failure","volume":"26","author":"Tofteng","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-008-9090-y","article-title":"Therapeutic hypothermia for acute liver failure: toward a randomized, controlled trial in patients with advanced hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"9","author":"Stravitz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840130202","article-title":"Elevated intracranial pressure and computed tomography of the brain in fulminant hepatocellular failure","volume":"13","author":"Munoz","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.20625","article-title":"Complications and use of intracranial pressure monitering in patients with acute liver failure and severe encephalopathy","volume":"11","author":"Vaquero","year":"2005","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1053\/jlts.2003.50017","article-title":"Recombinant activated factor VII for coagulopathy in fulminant hepatic failure compared to conventional therapy","volume":"9","author":"Shami","year":"2003","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.05.039","article-title":"Keeping cool in acute liver failure: rationale for the use of mild hypothermia","volume":"43","author":"Vaquero","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)90516-7","article-title":"Changes in brain water with haemodialysis","volume":"9","author":"Winney","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20056","article-title":"The effect of hypertonic sodium chloride on intracranial pressure in patients with acute liver failure","volume":"39","author":"Murphy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)12440-6","article-title":"Moderate hypothermia for uncontrolled intracranial hypertension in acute liver failure","volume":"354","author":"Jalan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.08.005","article-title":"Moderate hypothermia in patients with acute liver failure and uncontrolled intracranial hypertension","volume":"127","author":"Jalan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S147","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mcg.0000155515.94843.55","article-title":"Mild hypothermia for acute liver failure: a review of mechanisms of action","volume":"39","author":"Vaquero","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2003-42645","article-title":"Intracranial hypertension in acute liver failure: pathophysiological basis of rational management","volume":"23","author":"Jalan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2000.9775","article-title":"Subclinical seizure activity and prophylactic phenytoin infusion in acute liver failure: a controlled clinical trial","volume":"32","author":"Ellis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2004.03.017","article-title":"Prophylactic phenytoin does not improve cerebral edema or survival in acute liver failure\u2014a controlled clinical trial","volume":"41","author":"Bhatia","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1126\/science.124.3228.931.b","article-title":"Effect of hypothermia on epileptiform activity in the primate temporal lobe","volume":"124","author":"Baldwin","year":"1956","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(93)91185-U","article-title":"Effect of temperature on kainic acid-induced seizures","volume":"631","author":"Liu","year":"1993","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(86)80007-1","article-title":"Controlled hyperventilation in the prevention of cerebral oedema in fulminant hepatic failure","volume":"2","author":"Ede","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-1345(02)02804-X","article-title":"Propofol to control intracranial pressure in fulminant hepatic failure","volume":"34","author":"Wijdicks","year":"2002","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0676.2003.00813.x","article-title":"The effects of supraphysiological doses of corticosteroids in hypotensive liver failure","volume":"23","author":"Harry","year":"2003","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.34514","article-title":"The clinical importance of adrenal insufficiency in acute hepatic dysfunction","volume":"36","author":"Harry","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib69","first-page":"380A","article-title":"Vasopressin infusion accelerates the development of brain edema in rats after portacaval anastomosis","volume":"36","author":"Chung","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2007.04.015","article-title":"Comparison of terlipressin and noradrenalin on cerebral perfusion, intracranial pressure, and cerebral extracellular concentrations of lactate and pyruvate in patients with acute liver failure in need of inotropic support","volume":"47","author":"Eefsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840110110","article-title":"Prospective study of bacterial infection in acute liver failure","volume":"11","author":"Rolando","year":"1990","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(03)01051-5","article-title":"Infection and the progression of hepatic encephalopathy in acute liver failure","volume":"125","author":"Vaquero","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21640","article-title":"Elevated troponin I levels in acute liver failure: is myocardial injury an integral part of acute liver failure?","volume":"45","author":"Parekh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2004.11.030","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of oral versus intravenous mixed-micellar phylloquinone (vitamin K1) in severe acute liver disease","volume":"42","author":"Pereira","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1007252","article-title":"Bacterial and fungal infection in acute liver failure","volume":"16","author":"Rolando","year":"1996","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8278(91)90900-V","article-title":"Fungal infection: a common, unrecognised complication of acute liver failure","volume":"12","author":"Rolando","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840170206","article-title":"Prospective controlled trial of selective parenteral and enteral antimicrobial regimen in fulminant liver failure","volume":"17","author":"Rolando","year":"1993","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib78","first-page":"C21","article-title":"Hyperglycemia is associated with intracranial hypertension in patients with acute liver failure","volume":"7","author":"Kodakat","year":"2001","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200003000-00008","article-title":"Energy expenditure in acetaminophen-induced fulminant hepatic failure","volume":"28","author":"Walsh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607106030003202","article-title":"Liver failure is uncommon in adults receiving long-term parenteral nutrition","volume":"30","author":"Salvino","year":"2006","journal-title":"JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib81","first-page":"215","article-title":"Acute liver failure: liver support therapies","volume":"13","author":"Stadlbauer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Opin Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib82","unstructured":"Curr Opinion."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2005.12.011","article-title":"The use Prometheus FPSA system in the treatment of acute liver failure: preliminary results","volume":"38","author":"Skwarek","year":"2006","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1053\/jlts.2002.35546","article-title":"Albumin dialysis and molecular adsorbents recirculating system (MARS) for acute Wilson's disease","volume":"8","author":"Sen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1097\/01.SLA.0000064365.54197.9E","article-title":"Liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure: experience with more than 200 patients over a 17-year period","volume":"237","author":"Farmer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annals of Surgery"}],"container-title":["Clinics in Chest Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S027252310800110X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S027252310800110X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T00:43:07Z","timestamp":1759452187000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S027252310800110X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,3]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S027252310800110X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["0272-5231"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0272-5231","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"ICU Management of Acute Liver Failure","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinics in Chest Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.10.001","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}