{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T12:03:45Z","timestamp":1777032225461,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinics in Chest Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,27]],"date-time":"2022-02-27T06:04:32Z","timestamp":1645941872000},"page":"7-22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Diagnosis and Evaluation of Bronchiectasis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Raya","family":"Cohen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michal","family":"Shteinberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01033-2015","article-title":"Changes in the incidence, prevalence and mortality of bronchiectasis in the UK from 2004 to 2013: a population-based cohort study","volume":"47","author":"Quint","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00954-2015","article-title":"Bronchiectasis in Germany: a population-based estimation of disease prevalence","volume":"46","author":"Ringshausen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2016.10.014","article-title":"Prevalence and incidence of bronchiectasis in Catalonia, Spain: a population-based study","volume":"121","author":"Monteagudo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.36.2.81","article-title":"La\u00ebnnec 1781--1826 his life and work: a bicentenary appreciation","volume":"36","author":"Sakula","year":"1981","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib5","article-title":"Criteria and definitions for the radiological and clinical diagnosis of bronchiectasis in adults for use in clinical trials: international consensus recommendations","author":"Aliberti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2016.05.001","article-title":"Non CF-bronchiectasis: aetiologic approach, clinical, radiological, microbiological and functional profile in 277 patients","volume":"116","author":"Dimakou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib7","first-page":"145","article-title":"The clinical features of bronchiectasis associated with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, common variable immunodeficiency and primary ciliary dyskinesia--results from the U.S. Bronchiectasis research registry","volume":"6","author":"Eden","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chronic Obstr Pulm Dis (Miami)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01899-2015","article-title":"Clinical phenotypes in adult patients with bronchiectasis","volume":"47","author":"Aliberti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00051-2017","article-title":"Pulmonary exacerbation in adults with bronchiectasis: a consensus definition for clinical research","volume":"49","author":"Hill","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2016.10.055","article-title":"Adult patients with bronchiectasis: a first look at the US bronchiectasis research registry","volume":"151","author":"Aksamit","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1269","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30327-4","article-title":"Bronchiectasis in India: results from the European multicentre bronchiectasis audit and research collaboration (EMBARC) and respiratory research Network of India registry","volume":"7","author":"Dhar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(16)30320-4","article-title":"Comorbidities and the risk of mortality in patients with bronchiectasis: an international multicentre cohort study","volume":"4","author":"McDonnell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.13026","article-title":"Co-morbidities in severe asthma: clinical impact and management","volume":"22","author":"Porsbjerg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1111\/crj.12653","article-title":"Investigation of bronchiectasis in severe uncontrolled asthma","volume":"12","author":"Dimakou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Respir J"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0166745","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0166745","article-title":"Findings on thoracic computed tomography scans and respiratory outcomes in persons with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a population-based cohort study","volume":"11","author":"Tan","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.10-1758","article-title":"Factors associated with bronchiectasis in patients with COPD","volume":"140","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Garc\u00eda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00328-2018","article-title":"The overlap between bronchiectasis and chronic airway diseases: state of the art and future directions","volume":"52","author":"Polverino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00115-2017","article-title":"Upper airway involvement in bronchiectasis is marked by early onset and allergic features","volume":"4","author":"Shteinberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2016.12.024","article-title":"Bronchiectasis rheumatoid overlap syndrome is an independent risk factor for mortality in patients with bronchiectasis: a multicenter cohort study","volume":"151","author":"De Soyza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib20","article-title":"Increased disease activity, severity and autoantibody positivity in rheumatoid arthritis patients with co-existent bronchiectasis","author":"Perry","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib21","first-page":"647","article-title":"Bronchiectasis in primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome: prevalence and clinical significance","volume":"28","author":"Soto-Cardenas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.190313","article-title":"Spectrum and prognosis of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis-related bronchiectasis: data from 61 patients","volume":"47","author":"Lhote","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rheumatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-006-0094-9","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease and the lung: is there a link between surgery and bronchiectasis?","volume":"21","author":"Kelly","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Colorectal Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01289-2017","article-title":"Standardised classification of the aetiology of bronchiectasis using an objective algorithm","volume":"50","author":"Ara\u00fajo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00163208","article-title":"Sputum colour: a useful clinical tool in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis","volume":"34","author":"Murray","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.54.7.581","article-title":"Usefulness of the Medical Research Council (MRC) dyspnoea scale as a measure of disability in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"54","author":"Bestall","year":"1999","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2462070712","article-title":"Fleischner Society: glossary of terms for thoracic imaging","volume":"246","author":"Hansell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.12875","article-title":"Bronchoarterial ratio in never-smokers adults: implications for bronchial dilation definition","volume":"22","author":"Diaz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2017.05.007","article-title":"The RESPIRE trials: two phase III, randomized, multicentre, placebo-controlled trials of Ciprofloxacin Dry Powder for Inhalation (Ciprofloxacin DPI) in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis","volume":"58","author":"Aksamit","year":"2017","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trials"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00026313","article-title":"Multidimensional approach to non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: the FACED score","volume":"43","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Garc\u00eda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2007.02.002","article-title":"Analysis of the factors related to mortality in patients with bronchiectasis","volume":"101","author":"Onen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0191457","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0191457","article-title":"Computed tomography in adult patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia: typical imaging findings","volume":"13","author":"Dettmer","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-020-00371-0","article-title":"Radiologic characteristics of non-tuberculous mycobacteria infection in patients with bronchiectasis","volume":"198","author":"Eisenberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lung"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202009-3533SO","article-title":"Global initiative for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive lung disease. The 2020 GOLD Science Committee Report on COVID-19 and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease","volume":"203","author":"Halpin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2018.10.031","article-title":"A\u00a0comprehensive approach to lung function in bronchiectasis","volume":"145","author":"Radovanovic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.5694\/mja14.00287","article-title":"Chronic suppurative lung disease and bronchiectasis in children and adults in Australia and New Zealand Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand guidelines","volume":"202","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"issue":"10150","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31554-X","article-title":"Bronchiectasis in children: diagnosis and treatment","volume":"392","author":"Chang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.07.016","article-title":"Australian adults with bronchiectasis: the first report from the Australian Bronchiectasis Registry","volume":"155","author":"Visser","year":"2019","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.12832","article-title":"Aetiology of bronchiectasis in adults: a systematic literature review","volume":"21","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00629-2017","article-title":"European Respiratory Society guidelines for the management of adult bronchiectasis","volume":"50","author":"Polverino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arbres.2017.07.015","article-title":"Spanish guidelines on the evaluation and diagnosis of bronchiectasis in adults","volume":"54","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Garc\u00eda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Bronconeumol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2018-212463","article-title":"British thoracic society guideline for bronchiectasis in adults","volume":"74","author":"Hill","year":"2019","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib43","article-title":"The diagnosis of cystic fibrosis in adult age. Data from the Italian registry","volume":"11","author":"Padoan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2005.043539","article-title":"Cystic fibrosis: terminology and diagnostic algorithms","volume":"61","author":"De Boeck","year":"2006","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib45","unstructured":"CFTR-, clinical and functional translation of CFTR, CFTR2@Johns Hopkins - https:\/\/cftr2.org."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2019.07.001","article-title":"Nasal potential difference in suspected cystic fibrosis patients with 5T polymorphism","volume":"19","author":"Aalbers","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cyst Fibros"},{"issue":"6 Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lpm.2017.04.010","article-title":"The diagnosis of cystic fibrosis","volume":"46","author":"De Boeck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Presse Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"j4574","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j4574","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of cystic fibrosis: summary of NICE guidance","volume":"359","author":"Villanueva","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201805-0819ST","article-title":"Diagnosis of primary ciliary dyskinesia. an official american thoracic society clinical practice guideline","volume":"197","author":"Shapiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01090-2016","article-title":"European Respiratory Society guidelines for the diagnosis of primary ciliary dyskinesia","volume":"49","author":"Lucas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib51","series-title":"Allergy and immunology","first-page":"2057","article-title":"Immunodeficiency associated bronchiectasis in the European bronchiectasis registry (EMBARC)","author":"Mitchelmore","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib52","series-title":"Respiratory infections","first-page":"3330","article-title":"Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency in patients with bronchiectasis: data from the European Bronchiectasis Registry EMBARC","author":"Loebinger","year":"2020"},{"issue":"155","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0073-2019","article-title":"\u03b11-Antitrypsin deficiency and chronic respiratory disorders","volume":"29","author":"Cazzola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Respir Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib54","series-title":"10.1 respiratory infections","first-page":"PA1541","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis is a common and important comorbidity in bronchiectasis: data from the EMBARC European bronchiectasis registry","author":"De Soyza","year":"2016"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.08.015","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis-related lung disease detected on clinical chest computed tomography imaging: prevalence, risk factors, and impact on mortality","volume":"50","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.13615","article-title":"Paediatric and adult bronchiectasis: specific management with coexisting asthma, COPD, rheumatological disease and inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"24","author":"Maglione","year":"2019","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00064014","article-title":"RA autoantibodies as predictors of rheumatoid arthritis in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis patients","volume":"44","author":"Perry","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2017.06.013","article-title":"Heightened autoantibody immune response to citrullinated calreticulin in bronchiectasis: implications for rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"89","author":"Clarke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00003709","article-title":"Mortality in bronchiectasis: a long-term study assessing the factors influencing survival","volume":"34","author":"Loebinger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.07-0490","article-title":"Factors associated with lung function decline in adult patients with stable non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis","volume":"132","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Garc\u00eda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01953-2017","article-title":"The independent contribution of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection to long-term clinical outcomes in bronchiectasis","volume":"51","author":"Ara\u00fajo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.128.2.739","article-title":"Quality-of-life determinants in patients with clinically stable bronchiectasis","volume":"128","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Garc\u00eda","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.12.015","article-title":"Mortality in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: a prospective cohort analysis","volume":"108","author":"Goeminne","year":"2014","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/36.6.689","article-title":"Decreased survival in patients with co-existent rheumatoid arthritis and bronchiectasis","volume":"36","author":"Swinson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S121943","article-title":"Predicting high risk of exacerbations in bronchiectasis: the E-FACED score","volume":"12","author":"Martinez-Garcia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201309-1575OC","article-title":"The bronchiectasis severity index. An international derivation and validation study","volume":"189","author":"Chalmers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201910-1972OC","article-title":"Relationship between symptoms, exacerbations, and treatment response in bronchiectasis","volume":"201","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2014-205587","article-title":"Inhaled mannitol for non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: a randomised, controlled trial","volume":"69","author":"Bilton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"2 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.156.2.9607083","article-title":"Validation of the St. George\u2019s respiratory questionnaire in bronchiectasis","volume":"156","author":"Wilson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2015-207315","article-title":"The validity of health-related quality of life questionnaires in bronchiectasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"71","author":"Spinou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2019.10.030","article-title":"Validation of the COPD assessment test (CAT) as an outcome measure in bronchiectasis","volume":"157","author":"Finch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00766-2018","article-title":"Immunological corollary of the pulmonary mycobiome in bronchiectasis: the CAMEB study","volume":"52","author":"Mac Aog\u00e1in","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1159\/000381289","article-title":"Prevalence and factors associated with isolation of Aspergillus and Candida from sputum in patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis","volume":"89","author":"M\u00e1iz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-017-0143-7","article-title":"Aspergillus Species in bronchiectasis: challenges in the cystic fibrosis and non-cystic fibrosis airways","volume":"183","author":"Chotirmall","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy381","article-title":"A\u00a0guide to utilization of the microbiology laboratory for diagnosis of infectious diseases: 2018 update by the infectious diseases society of America and the american society for microbiology","volume":"67","author":"Miller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2019.551","article-title":"Sputum quality assessment regarding sputum culture for diagnosing lower respiratory tract infections in children","volume":"7","author":"Popova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Access Maced J Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00081-2015","article-title":"The EMBARC European Bronchiectasis Registry: protocol for an international observational study","volume":"2","author":"Chalmers","year":"2016","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2015.04.011","article-title":"Predictors of adherence to treatment in bronchiectasis","volume":"109","author":"McCullough","year":"2015","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001_bib79","first-page":"CD011023","article-title":"Interventions for enhancing adherence to treatment in adults with bronchiectasis","volume":"11","author":"McCullough","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"}],"container-title":["Clinics in Chest Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0272523121012399?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0272523121012399?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T01:14:22Z","timestamp":1759454062000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0272523121012399"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0272523121012399"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["0272-5231"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0272-5231","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Diagnosis and Evaluation of Bronchiectasis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinics in Chest Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.11.001","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}