{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T00:04:00Z","timestamp":1759536240180,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694736000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":379,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinics in Chest Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]],"date-time":"2022-09-15T18:02:31Z","timestamp":1663264951000},"page":"411-424","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Pharmacologic Management of Delirium in the Intensive Care Unit"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Perry J.","family":"Tiberio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Niall T.","family":"Prendergast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy D.","family":"Girard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R19","DOI":"10.1186\/cc6793","article-title":"Combined didactic and scenario-based education improves the ability of intensive care unit staff to recognize delirium at the bedside","volume":"12","author":"Devlin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"h2538","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h2538","article-title":"Outcome of delirium in critically ill patients: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"350","author":"Salluh","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.14.1753","article-title":"Delirium as a predictor of mortality in mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit","volume":"291","author":"Ely","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30062-6","article-title":"Clinical phenotypes of delirium during critical illness and severity of subsequent long-term cognitive impairment: a prospective cohort study","volume":"6","author":"Girard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1301372","article-title":"Long-term cognitive impairment after critical illness","volume":"369","author":"Pandharipande","year":"2013","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-001-1132-2","article-title":"The impact of delirium in the intensive care unit on hospital length of stay","volume":"27","author":"Ely","year":"2001","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200601000-00005","article-title":"Lorazepam is an independent risk factor for transitioning to delirium in intensive care unit patients","volume":"104","author":"Pandharipande","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-00223-4","article-title":"Delirium","volume":"6","author":"Wilson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e825","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003299","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and management of pain, agitation\/sedation, delirium, immobility, and sleep disruption in adult patients in the ICU","volume":"46","author":"Devlin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2703","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.21.2703","article-title":"Delirium in mechanically ventilated patients: validity and reliability of the confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit (CAM-ICU)","volume":"286","author":"Ely","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340100909","article-title":"Intensive care delirium screening checklist: evaluation of a new screening tool","volume":"27","author":"Bergeron","year":"2001","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2016.05.028","article-title":"Routine delirium monitoring is independently associated with a reduction of hospital mortality in critically ill surgical patients: a prospective, observational cohort study","volume":"35","author":"Luetz","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2011.05.015","article-title":"Comparison of CAM-ICU and ICDSC for the detection of delirium in critically ill patients focusing on relevant clinical outcomes","volume":"27","author":"Tomasi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2019.12.002","article-title":"Influence of sedation on delirium recognition in critically ill patients: a multinational cohort study","volume":"33","author":"van den Boogaard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aust Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.16987","article-title":"Adaptation and validation of a chart-based delirium detection tool for the ICU (CHART-DEL-ICU)","volume":"69","author":"Krewulak","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000002368","article-title":"The confusion assessment method for the ICU-7 delirium severity scale: a novel delirium severity instrument for use in the ICU","volume":"45","author":"Khan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.15503","article-title":"Frailty and delirium in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature","volume":"66","author":"Persico","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0234-x","article-title":"The role of brain vasculature in neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"21","author":"Sweeney","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15132","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15132","article-title":"Neurons and neuronal activity control gene expression in astrocytes to regulate their development and metabolism","volume":"8","author":"Hasel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(59)90165-1","article-title":"Delirium, a syndrome of cerebral insufficiency","volume":"9","author":"Engel","year":"1959","journal-title":"J\u00a0Chronic Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2017.06.009","article-title":"Low brain tissue oxygenation contributes to the development of delirium in critically ill patients: a prospective observational study","volume":"41","author":"Wood","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1760","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-1359","article-title":"Hypoglycemia-associated changes in the electroencephalogram in patients with type 1 diabetes and normal hypoglycemia awareness or unawareness","volume":"64","author":"Sejling","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1089\/rej.2011.1185","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in delirium: a postmortem case-control study","volume":"14","author":"Munster","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rejuvenation Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2016.03.010","article-title":"The blood-brain barrier in systemic inflammation","volume":"60","author":"Varatharaj","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00122-5","article-title":"Functional hyperdopaminergia in dopamine transporter knock-out mice","volume":"46","author":"Gainetdinov","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1159\/000363762","article-title":"Do stress markers and anesthetic technique predict delirium in the elderly?","volume":"38","author":"Deiner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2011.03.048","article-title":"Hypothesis for the pathophysiology of delirium: role of baseline brain network connectivity and changes in inhibitory tone","volume":"77","author":"Sanders","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202002-0320OC","article-title":"Long-term outcomes in intensive care unit patients with delirium: a population-based cohort study","volume":"204","author":"Fiest","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-006-0399-8","article-title":"Incidence, risk factors and consequences of ICU delirium","volume":"33","author":"Ouimet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200904-0537OC","article-title":"Days of delirium are associated with 1-year mortality in an older intensive care unit population","volume":"180","author":"Pisani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3182a645bd","article-title":"Delirium in the ICU and subsequent long-term disability among survivors of mechanical ventilation","volume":"42","author":"Brummel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000001849","article-title":"Employment outcomes after critical illness: an analysis of the bringing to light the risk factors and incidence of neuropsychological dysfunction in ICU survivors cohort","volume":"44","author":"Norman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60105-1","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of a paired sedation and ventilator weaning protocol for mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care (Awakening and Breathing Controlled trial): a randomised controlled trial","volume":"371","author":"Girard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003071","volume":"46","author":"Shehabi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201312-2291OC","article-title":"Propofol is associated with favorable outcomes compared with benzodiazepines in ventilated intensive care unit patients","volume":"189","author":"Lonardo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R122","DOI":"10.1186\/cc13922","article-title":"Midazolam and propofol used alone or sequentially for long-term sedation in critically ill, mechanically ventilated patients: a prospective, randomized study","volume":"18","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib37","first-page":"34","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for development of delirium in surgical and trauma intensive care unit patients","volume":"65","author":"Pandharipande","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e318192fcf9","article-title":"Benzodiazepine and opioid use and the duration of intensive care unit delirium in an older population","volume":"37","author":"Pisani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000000610","article-title":"Delirium transitions in the medical ICU: exploring the role of sleep quality and other factors","volume":"43","author":"Kamdar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202010-3794OC","article-title":"Opioid use increases the risk of delirium in critically ill adults independently of pain","volume":"204","author":"Duprey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2130","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-015-4063-z","article-title":"Benzodiazepine-associated delirium in critically ill adults","volume":"41","author":"Zaal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000215513.63207.7F","article-title":"A\u00a0randomized trial of intermittent lorazepam versus propofol with daily interruption in mechanically ventilated patients","volume":"34","author":"Carson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2009.01978.x","article-title":"Ketamine attenuates post-operative cognitive dysfunction after cardiac surgery","volume":"53","author":"Hudetz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31467-8","article-title":"Intraoperative ketamine for prevention of postoperative delirium or pain after major surgery in older adults: an international, multicentre, double-blind, randomised clinical trial","volume":"390","author":"Avidan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib45","first-page":"589","article-title":"Low doses of ketamine reduce delirium but not opiate consumption in mechanically ventilated and sedated ICU patients: a randomised double-blind control trial","volume":"37","author":"Perbet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-020-4216-4","article-title":"Adjunct low-dose ketamine infusion vs standard of care in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients at a Tertiary Saudi Hospital (ATTAINMENT Trial): study protocol for a randomized, prospective, pilot, feasibility trial","volume":"21","author":"Bawazeer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2644","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.298.22.2644","article-title":"Effect of sedation with dexmedetomidine vs lorazepam on acute brain dysfunction in mechanically ventilated patients: the MENDS randomized controlled trial","volume":"298","author":"Pandharipande","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.56","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine vs midazolam for sedation of critically ill patients: a randomized trial","volume":"301","author":"Riker","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201710-1995OC","article-title":"Low-dose nocturnal dexmedetomidine prevents ICU delirium. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"197","author":"Skrobik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2506","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1904710","article-title":"Early sedation with dexmedetomidine in critically ill patients","volume":"380","author":"Shehabi","year":"2019","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2024922","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine or propofol for sedation in mechanically ventilated adults with sepsis","volume":"384","author":"Hughes","year":"2021","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(13)70166-8","article-title":"Effect of intravenous haloperidol on the duration of delirium and coma in critically ill patients (Hope-ICU): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"1","author":"Page","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.0160","article-title":"Effect of haloperidol on survival among critically ill adults with a high risk of delirium: the REDUCE randomized clinical trial","volume":"319","author":"van den Boogaard","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181c58715","article-title":"Feasibility, efficacy, and safety of antipsychotics for intensive care unit delirium: the MIND randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"38","author":"Girard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.10-3065","article-title":"Statins and brain dysfunction: a hypothesis to reduce the burden of cognitive impairment in patients who are critically ill","volume":"140","author":"Morandi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201306-1150OC","article-title":"Statin use and risk of delirium in the critically ill","volume":"189","author":"Page","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000002530","article-title":"Statin and its association with delirium in the medical ICU","volume":"45","author":"Mather","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(16)00005-9","article-title":"Rosuvastatin versus placebo for delirium in intensive care and subsequent cognitive impairment in patients with sepsis-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome: an ancillary study to a randomised controlled trial","volume":"4","author":"Needham","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(17)30234-5","article-title":"Evaluation of early administration of simvastatin in the prevention and treatment of delirium in critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation (MoDUS): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"5","author":"Page","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003132","article-title":"Effect of administration of ramelteon, a melatonin receptor agonist, on the duration of stay in the ICU: a single-center randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"46","author":"Nishikimi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1286","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004690","article-title":"The effects of melatonin supplementation on sleep quality and assessment of the serum melatonin in ICU patients: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"48","author":"Gandolfi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S116","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3182a17064","article-title":"Implementing the awakening and breathing coordination, delirium monitoring\/management, and early exercise\/mobility bundle into everyday care: opportunities, challenges, and lessons learned for implementing the ICU Pain, Agitation, and Delirium Guidelines","volume":"41","author":"Balas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003482","article-title":"Caring for critically ill patients with the ABCDEF bundle: results of the ICU liberation collaborative in over 15,000 adults","volume":"47","author":"Pun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(16)00025-4","article-title":"Dynamic light application therapy to reduce the incidence and duration of delirium in intensive-care patients: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"4","author":"Simons","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61855-7","article-title":"Effect of rivastigmine as an adjunct to usual care with haloperidol on duration of delirium and mortality in critically ill patients: a multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised trial","volume":"376","author":"van Eijk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.2707","article-title":"Australian, New Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials G. Effect of dexmedetomidine added to standard care on ventilator-free time in patients with agitated delirium: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"315","author":"Reade","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2506","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1808217","article-title":"Haloperidol and ziprasidone for treatment of delirium in critical illness","volume":"379","author":"Girard","year":"2018","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181b9e302","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of quetiapine in critically ill patients with delirium: a prospective, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study","volume":"38","author":"Devlin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.14080190","article-title":"Adjunctive valproic acid in management-refractory hyperactive delirium: a case series and rationale","volume":"27","author":"Sher","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1177\/1060028020947173","article-title":"Prescribing practices of valproic acid for agitation and delirium in the intensive care unit","volume":"55","author":"Quinn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2020.02.007","article-title":"Valproic acid for the management of agitation and delirium in the intensive care setting: a retrospective analysis","volume":"42","author":"Crowley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.0234","article-title":"Effect of intravenous acetaminophen vs placebo combined with propofol or dexmedetomidine on postoperative delirium among older patients following cardiac surgery: the DEXACET randomized clinical trial","volume":"321","author":"Subramaniam","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e044346","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-044346","article-title":"Scheduled prophylactic 6-hourly IV AcetaminopheN to prevent postoperative delirium in older CaRdiac SurgicAl patients (PANDORA): protocol for a multicentre randomised controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Khera","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000001804","article-title":"Perioperative gabapentin does not reduce postoperative delirium in older surgical patients: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"127","author":"Leung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-018-1195-y","article-title":"Perioperative pregabalin and delirium following total hip arthroplasty: a post hoc analysis of a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"65","author":"Farlinger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1510\/icvts.2009.217562","article-title":"Impact of clonidine administration on delirium and related respiratory weaning after surgical correction of acute type-A aortic dissection: results of a pilot study","volume":"10","author":"Rubino","year":"2010","journal-title":"Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-021-06355-9","article-title":"Haloperidol, clonidine and resolution of delirium in critically ill patients: a prospective cohort study","volume":"47","author":"Smit","year":"2021","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.0658","article-title":"Effect of high-dose baclofen on agitation-related events among patients with unhealthy alcohol use receiving mechanical ventilation: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"325","author":"Vourc'h","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.5098","article-title":"The Oslo study of clonidine in elderly patients with delirium; LUCID: a randomised placebo-controlled trial","volume":"34","author":"Hov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Clinics in Chest Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0272523122000314?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0272523122000314?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T01:15:58Z","timestamp":1759454158000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0272523122000314"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0272523122000314"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["0272-5231"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0272-5231"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Pharmacologic Management of Delirium in the Intensive Care Unit","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinics in Chest Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.04.004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}