{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T16:56:59Z","timestamp":1786985819802,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinics in Chest Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T12:20:04Z","timestamp":1751545204000},"page":"525-542","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Respiratory Muscle Testing"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Carolyn L.","family":"Rochester","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.50.11.1131","article-title":"Measurement of respiratory muscle strength","volume":"50","author":"Polkey","year":"1995","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib2","first-page":"19","article-title":"Volitional assessment of respiratory muscle strength","volume":"77","author":"Fitting","year":"2012","journal-title":"Monaldi Arch Chest Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.74.870.208","article-title":"Assessment of respiratory muscle function and strength","volume":"74","author":"Syabbalo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-7125(16)31190-7","article-title":"Respiratory muscle failure","volume":"67","author":"Rochester","year":"1983","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2019.01.004","article-title":"Differences in respiratory muscle strength measures in well-nourished and malnourished hospitalized patients","volume":"119","author":"Zellner","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Acad Nutr Diet"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1159\/000509940","article-title":"Heart failure results in inspiratory muscle dysfunction irrespective of left ventricular ejection fraction","volume":"100","author":"Spiesshoefer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0232225","article-title":"Surface respiratory electromyography and dyspnea in acute heart failure patients","author":"Luiso","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib8","series-title":"Principles and practice of pulmonary rehabilitation","first-page":"124","article-title":"Acute and chronic respiratory failure. Chapter 11","author":"Aldrich","year":"1993"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-5231(21)00503-7","article-title":"Tests of respiratory muscle function","volume":"9","author":"Rochester","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2023.02.008","article-title":"Progressive orthopnea and bendopnea due to diaphragm paralysis associated with IgLON5 autoimmunity","volume":"98","author":"Thakolwiboon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/137.4.877","article-title":"Assessment of diaphragm weakness","volume":"137","author":"Mier-Jedrzejowicz","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-5231(05)70059-9","article-title":"Respiratory muscle testing","volume":"22","author":"Flaminiano","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.28243","article-title":"Evaluation and management of dyspnea as the dominant presenting feature in neuromuscular disorders","volume":"70","author":"Mamarabadi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/138.4.862","article-title":"Clinical significance of severe isolated diaphragm weakness","volume":"138","author":"Laroche","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01214-2018","article-title":"ERS statement on respiratory muscle testing at rest and during exercise","volume":"53","author":"Laveneziana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.07410","article-title":"Assessing diaphragm function","volume":"65","author":"Schepens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.27998","article-title":"Electrodiagnostic and ultrasound evaluation of respiratory weakness","volume":"69","author":"Boon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib18","first-page":"535","article-title":"Actions of the respiratory muscles. Chapter 19","volume":"vol. 85","author":"DeTroyer","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib19","first-page":"185","article-title":"Structure and function of the respiratory muscles. Chapter 5","volume":"vol. 85","author":"Edwards","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1973.34.2.233","article-title":"Performance and histochemical composition of Guinea pig and human diaphragm","volume":"34","author":"Lieberman","year":"1973","journal-title":"JAppl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/142.2.274","article-title":"The importance of defining respiratory muscle fatigue","volume":"142","author":"Macklem","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-91532-8.00002-1","article-title":"Electrophysiologic assessment of respiratory function","volume":"189","author":"Kuo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chapter 2 in Handbook Clin Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2019.02.015","article-title":"Respiratory muscle assessment in clinical practice","volume":"40","author":"Polkey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib24","series-title":"West\u2019s respiratory physiology: the essentials (lippincott connect)","first-page":"116","article-title":"Mechanics of breathing. Chapter 7","author":"West","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib25","first-page":"65","article-title":"The respiratory muscles. Chapter 3","volume":"vol. 1","author":"Gayan-Ramirez","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib26","series-title":"Medical physiology","first-page":"630","article-title":"Mechanics of ventilation, chapter 27","author":"Boron","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib27","article-title":"ERS\/ATS technical standard on interpretive strategies for routine lung function tests","volume":"60","author":"Stanojevic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-0971(85)90047-6","article-title":"Fall in vital capacity with posture","volume":"79","author":"Allen","year":"1985","journal-title":"Br J Dis Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2001.18053","article-title":"Supine fall in lung volumes in the assessment of diaphragmatic weakness in neuromuscular disorders","volume":"82","author":"Fromageot","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.06827","article-title":"Respiratory care of patients with neuromuscular disease","volume":"64","author":"Benditt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-197703000-00006","article-title":"The assessment of diaphragm function","volume":"56","author":"Loh","year":"1977","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.57.8.724","article-title":"Patterns and predictors of sleep disordered breathing in primary myopathies","volume":"57","author":"Ragette","year":"2002","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(87)90897-7","article-title":"Flow-volume loop changes reflecting respiratory muscle weakness in chronic neuromuscular disorders","volume":"83","author":"Vincken","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.38.8.616","article-title":"Respiratory muscle and pulmonary function in poliomyelitis and other proximal myopathies","volume":"38","author":"Braun","year":"1983","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib35","first-page":"1348","article-title":"The assessment of maximal respiratory mouth pressures in adults","volume":"54","author":"Evans","year":"2009","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.10641","article-title":"Reliability and validity of maximal respiratory pressures","volume":"69","author":"Silveira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.04.144","article-title":"Reproducibility of maximum respiratory pressure assessment","volume":"162","author":"Cruikshank","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib38","first-page":"43","article-title":"Reference values for maximal inspiratory pressure: a systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Sclauser Pessoa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Res J"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib39","article-title":"Reference values for respiratory muscle strength and maximal voluntary ventilation in the Brazilian adult population: a multicentric study","volume":"19","author":"Russelly Saldanha Araujo","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjpt.2023.100587","article-title":"Normal values for maximal respiratory pressures in children and adolescents: a systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Pradi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Braz J Phys Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.99.14614549","article-title":"Physiological changes in respiratory function associated with ageing","volume":"13","author":"Janssens","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s41999-024-01017-7","article-title":"Instruments for measuring the neuromuscular function domain of vitality capacity in older persons: an umbrella review","author":"Louter","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Geriatr Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.159.2.9708076","article-title":"Demographic and anthropometric correlates of maximum inspiratory pressure: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study","volume":"159","author":"Carpenter","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1159\/000029386","article-title":"Maximum static respiratory pressures in healthy elderly men and women: issues of reproducibility and interpretation","volume":"66","author":"McConnell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1989.66.2.943","article-title":"Relationship between respiratory muscle function and age, sex and other factors","volume":"66","author":"Chen","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2013.08.001","article-title":"Evaluation of cardiorespiratory fitness and respiratory muscle function in the obese population","volume":"56","author":"Arena","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib47","author":"Lopez-de-Uralde-Villanueva"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-016-1247-z","article-title":"Correlation of maximal inspiratory pressure to transdiaphragmatic Twitch pressure in intensive care unit patients","volume":"20","author":"Supinski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib49","first-page":"1552","article-title":"Activity of respiratory muscles in upright and recumbent humans","volume":"51","author":"Druz","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.94.6.1232","article-title":"Cough capacity in patients with muscular dystrophy","volume":"94","author":"Szeinberg","year":"1988","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1177\/02692155231174124","article-title":"Determination of the minimal important difference for inspiratory muscle strength in people with severe and very severe COPD","volume":"37","author":"Beaumont","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2018.01.005","article-title":"Pulmonary function testing in neuromuscular and chest wall disorders","volume":"39","author":"Gartman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-980080","article-title":"Respiratory muscle testing: state of the art","volume":"61","author":"Kabitz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pneumologie"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.150.6.7952632","article-title":"Sniff nasal pressure. A noninvasive assessment of inspiratory muscle strength","volume":"150","author":"Heritier","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-023-02348-0","article-title":"Optimization of sniff nasal inspiratory pressure (SNIP) measurement methodology in healthy subjects","volume":"23","author":"Wilding","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib56","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effect of nostril occlusion and mouth sealing in the measurement of sniff nasal inspiratory pressure","volume":"0","author":"Shah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0287188","article-title":"Reliability of maximal respiratory nasal pressure tests in healthy young adults","volume":"18","author":"De Lima","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.49.11.1127","article-title":"Inspiratory muscle relaxation rate assessed from sniff nasal pressure","volume":"49","author":"Kyroussis","year":"1994","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.50.4.371","article-title":"Maximal values of sniff nasal inspiratory pressure in healthy subjects","volume":"50","author":"Uldry","year":"1995","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.166.4.518","article-title":"ATS\/ERS statement on respiratory muscle testing","volume":"166","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.98.11040901","article-title":"Reproducibility of Twitch mouth pressure, sniff nasal inspiratory pressure, and maximal inspiratory pressure","volume":"11","author":"Maillard","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2013.04.004","article-title":"Longitudinal course of lung function and respiratory muscle strength in spinal muscular atrophy type 2 and 3","volume":"17","author":"Khirani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1159\/000365998","article-title":"Sniff nasal inspiratory pressure in patients with moderate-to-severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: learning effect and short-term between-session repeatability","volume":"88","author":"Nikoletou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/143.5_Pt_1.950","article-title":"Sniff, esophageal and nasopharyngeal pressures and maximal relaxation rates in patients with respiratory dysfunction","volume":"143","author":"Mulvey","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib65","first-page":"837","article-title":"Comparison of esophageal, tracheal, and mouth occlusion pressure in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease during acute respiratory failure","volume":"126","author":"Murciano","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.06136","article-title":"Assessment of respiratory muscle weakness in subjects with neuromuscular disease","volume":"63","author":"Oliveira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200403-314OC","article-title":"Use of sniff nasal-inspiratory force to predict survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"171","author":"Morgan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1964.19.2.207","article-title":"Improved technique for estimating pleural pressure from esophageal balloons","volume":"19","author":"Milic-Emili","year":"1964","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/138.3.598","article-title":"The value of sniff esophageal pressures in the assessment of global inspiratory muscle strength","volume":"138","author":"Laroche","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-3810-0_21","article-title":"Functional measurement of respiratory muscle motor behaviors using transdiaphragmatic pressure","volume":"1460","author":"Greising","year":"2016","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0690091","article-title":"The maximal sniff in the measurement of diaphragm function in man","volume":"69","author":"Miller","year":"1985","journal-title":"Clin Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2022.106740","article-title":"The use of cough peak flow in the assessment of respiratory function in clinical practice-a narrative literature review","volume":"193","author":"Brennan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i1","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2008.110726","article-title":"Guuidelines for the physiotherapy management of the adult, medical, spontaneously breathing patient","volume":"64","author":"Bott","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PHM.0000133431.70907.A2","article-title":"Comparison of peak cough flows measured by pneumotachograph and a portable peak flow meter","volume":"83","author":"Sancho","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehab"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib75","first-page":"143","article-title":"Evaluation of diaphragm electromyogram contamination during progressive inspiratory maneuvers in humans","volume":"37","author":"Weinberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"Suppl 42","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1017\/S0265021507003377","article-title":"Phrenic nerve stimulation","volume":"25","author":"Shehu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2017.01.022","article-title":"Twitch mouth pressure for detecting respiratory muscle weakness in suspicion of neuromuscular disorder","volume":"27","author":"Brasil Santos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuromuscul Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.44.12.990","article-title":"Twitch pressures in the assessment of diaphragm weakness","volume":"44","author":"Mier","year":"1989","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/rcr2.915","article-title":"Isolated diaphragm weakness and the diagnostic value of phrenic nerve stimulation","volume":"10","author":"Dhillon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Respirology Case Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1989.67.4.1311","article-title":"Cervical magnetic stimulation: a new painless method for bilateral phrenic nerve stimulation in conscious humans","volume":"67","author":"Similowski","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1997.82.4.1190","article-title":"Comparison of magnetic and electrical phrenic nerve stimulation in the assessment of phrenic nerve conduction time","volume":"82","author":"Similowski","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340051319","article-title":"Anterior magnetic phrenic nerve stimulation: laboratory and clinical evaluation","volume":"26","author":"Polkey","year":"2000","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib83","article-title":"Assessment of diaphragm strength in patients using cervical magnetic stimulation","volume":"149","author":"Wragg","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2020-0221","article-title":"Reliability of diaphragm voluntary activation measurements in healthy adults","volume":"46","author":"Ramsook","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metabol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.15575","article-title":"Voluntary activation of the diaphragm after inspiratory pressure threshold loading","volume":"11","author":"Ramsook","year":"2023","journal-title":"Physiological Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.53.2.96","article-title":"Measurement of sniff nasal and diaphragm Twitch mouth pressure in patients","volume":"53","author":"Hughes","year":"1998","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2006.072884","article-title":"The value of multiple tests of respiratory muscle strength","volume":"62","author":"Steier","year":"2007","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.02.00247602","article-title":"A novel clinical test of respiratory muscle endurance","volume":"19","author":"Hart","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2019.103321","article-title":"Methodology and reliability of respiratory muscle assessment","volume":"273","author":"Larribaut","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2016.04.007","article-title":"Determination of normal values for an isocapnic hyperpnea endurance test in healthy individuals","volume":"230","author":"Vincent","year":"2016","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E51","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.322115127","article-title":"Imaging of the diaphragm: anatomy and function","volume":"32","author":"Nason","year":"2012","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2017.11.010","article-title":"Imaging of respiratory muscles in neuromuscular disease: a review","volume":"28","author":"Harlaar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuromuscul Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-021-01441-6","article-title":"Ultrasound and non-ultrasound imaging techniques in the assessment of diaphragmatic dysfunction","volume":"21","author":"Laghi","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2004.04.016","article-title":"Chest radiography cannot predict diaphragm function","volume":"99","author":"Chetta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00137-2021","article-title":"Respiratory muscle imaging by ultrasound and MRI in neuromuscular disorders","volume":"58","author":"van Doorn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2525","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2019.01.003","article-title":"Ultrasound imaging for diaphragm dysfunction: a narrative literature review","volume":"33","author":"Vertugno","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.23702","article-title":"Two-dimensional ultrasound imaging of the diaphragm: quantitative values in normal subjects","volume":"47","author":"Boon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-019-05892-8","article-title":"Respiratory muscle ultrasonography: methodology, basic and advanced principles and clinical applications in ICU and ED patients\u2014a narrative review","volume":"46","author":"Tuinman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2017.11.020","article-title":"Diaphragmatic ultrasound correlates with inspiratory muscle strength and pulmonary function in healthy subjects","volume":"44","author":"Zumpano Cardenas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000841","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic ultrasound in the diagnosis of phrenic neuropathy","volume":"83","author":"Boon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9260(05)82987-3","article-title":"Comparison of ultrasound with fluoroscopy in the assessment of suspected hemidiaphragmatic movement abnormality","volume":"50","author":"Houston","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.08-1541","article-title":"Diaphragmatic motion studied by M-mode ultrasonography. Methods, reproducibility and normal values","volume":"135","author":"Boussuges","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214288","article-title":"Diaphragm sniff ultrasound: normal values, relationship with sniff nasal pressure and accuracy for predicting respiratory involvement in patients with neuromuscular disorders","volume":"14","author":"Fayssoil","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000470","article-title":"Respiratory involvement in neuromuscular disorders","volume":"30","author":"Boentert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.2206020","article-title":"Disorders of the respiratory muscles","volume":"168","author":"Laghi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-91532-8.00007-0","article-title":"Pulmonary function testing in neuromuscular disease","volume":"189","author":"Gartman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chapter 1 in Handbook Clin Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2018.01.013","article-title":"Assessing diaphragm function in chest wall and neuromuscular diseases","volume":"39","author":"Minami","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med"}],"container-title":["Clinics in Chest Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0272523125000413?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0272523125000413?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T21:06:19Z","timestamp":1754341579000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0272523125000413"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"references-count":107,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0272523125000413"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013","relation":{},"ISSN":["0272-5231"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0272-5231","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Respiratory Muscle Testing","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinics in Chest Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.04.013","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}