{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,14]],"date-time":"2026-06-14T18:04:56Z","timestamp":1781460296035,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019274","name":"National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019274","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Contemporary Clinical Trials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2025.108148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T17:00:07Z","timestamp":1763658007000},"page":"108148","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Randomized trial of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) versus placebo to augment the effects of prolonged exposure therapy on fear extinction learning in post-traumatic stress disorder: Study rationale and protocol"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"160","author":[{"given":"Christine A.","family":"Rabinak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul E.","family":"Kilgore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark A.","family":"Lumley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheila A.M.","family":"Rauch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2025.108148_bb0005","author":"American Psychological Association, A. P"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2025.108148_bb0075","series-title":"Prolonged Exposure Therapy for PTSD: Emotional Processing of Traumatic Experiences","author":"Foa","year":"2019"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2025.108148_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9203","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1205242109","article-title":"Exposure therapy triggers lasting reorganization of neural fear processing","volume":"109","author":"Hauner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2025.108148_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0000065","article-title":"Treatment initiation and dropout from prolonged exposure and cognitive processing therapy in a VA outpatient clinic","volume":"8","author":"Kehle-Forbes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol. Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2025.108148_bb0145","series-title":"Predictors of PTSD Treatment Retention and Response: A Sytematic Review","author":"Maglione","year":"2022"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2025.108148_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2011.11040557","article-title":"The study of fear extinction: implications for anxiety disorders","volume":"168","author":"Graham","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2025.108148_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2007.09.006","article-title":"The endocannabinoid system in the processing of anxiety and fear and how CB1 receptors may modulate fear extinction","volume":"56","author":"Lafenetre","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"issue":"6897","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2025.108148_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1038\/nature00839","article-title":"The endogenous cannabinoid system controls extinction of aversive memories","volume":"418","author":"Marsicano","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2025.108148_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2008.07.001","article-title":"Facilitation of contextual fear memory extinction and anti-anxiogenic effects of AM404 and cannabidiol in conditioned rats","volume":"18","author":"Bitencourt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2025.108148_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2013.09.009","article-title":"Cannabinoid modulation of prefrontal-limbic activation during fear extinction learning and recall in humans","volume":"113","author":"Rabinak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn. Mem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2025.108148_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2012.06.063","article-title":"Cannabinoid facilitation of fear extinction memory recall in humans","volume":"64","author":"Rabinak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2025.108148_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2018.10.002","article-title":"Effects of acute \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol on next-day extinction recall is mediated by post-extinction resting-state brain dynamics","volume":"143","author":"Rabinak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2025.108148_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881111431624","article-title":"Testing the effects of \u03949-THC and D-cycloserine on extinction of conditioned fear in humans","volume":"26","author":"Klumpers","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2025.108148_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2015.359","article-title":"Cannabinoid modulation of Frontolimbic activation and connectivity during volitional regulation of negative affect","volume":"41","author":"Gorka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2025.108148_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-019-0416-6","article-title":"Influence of \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol on long-term neural correlates of threat extinction memory retention in humans","volume":"44","author":"Hammoud","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2025.108148_bb0255","article-title":"Dose-dependent effect of acute THC on extinction memory recall and fear renewal: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","author":"Zabik","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2025.108148_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2022.114154","article-title":"Comparison of behavioral and brain indices of fear renewal during a standard vs. novel immersive reality Pavlovian fear extinction paradigm in healthy adults","volume":"437","author":"Zabik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2025.108148_bb0210","series-title":"Prolonged Exposure for PTSD Intensive Outpatient Programs (PE-IOP): Therapist Guide","author":"Rauch","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2025.108148_bb0040","first-page":"1","article-title":"Massed v. standard prolonged exposure therapy for PTSD in military personnel and veterans: 12-month follow-up of a non-inferiority randomised controlled trial","author":"Dell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2025.108148_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.21242","article-title":"Effect of prolonged exposure therapy delivered over 2 weeks vs 8 weeks vs present-centered therapy on PTSD symptom severity in military personnel: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"319","author":"Foa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Jama"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2025.108148_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2013.317","article-title":"D-cycloserine augmentation of exposure therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: a pilot randomized clinical trial","volume":"39","author":"Difede","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2025.108148_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.01.012","article-title":"A meta-analysis of D-cycloserine and the facilitation of fear extinction and exposure therapy","volume":"63","author":"Norberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2025.108148_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2006.05.002","article-title":"Minimization method for balancing continuous prognostic variables between treatment and control groups using Kullback-Leibler divergence","volume":"27","author":"Endo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Trials"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2025.108148_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780040204","article-title":"Treatment allocation methods in clinical trials: a review","volume":"4","author":"Kalish","year":"1985","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2025.108148_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2015.07.011","article-title":"The pursuit of balance: an overview of covariate-adaptive randomization techniques in clinical trials","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Trials"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2025.108148_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.2307\/2529712","article-title":"Sequential treatment assignment with balancing for prognostic factors in the controlled clinical trial","volume":"31","author":"Pocock","year":"1975","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2025.108148_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.2392","article-title":"An easily accessible web-based minimization random allocation system for clinical trials","volume":"15","author":"Xiao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2025.108148_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1002\/wics.1309","article-title":"Adaptive randomization for balancing over covariates","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Comput. Stat."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2025.108148_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.200790152","article-title":"Human cannabinoid pharmacokinetics","volume":"4","author":"Huestis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2025.108148_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-011-0747-x","article-title":"Cannabinoid modulation of subgenual anterior cingulate cortex activation during experience of negative affect","volume":"119","author":"Rabinak","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2025.108148_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2023.107758","article-title":"Cannabinoid modulation of corticolimbic activation during extinction learning and fear renewal in adults with posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"201","author":"Zabik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn. Mem."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2025.108148_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21048","article-title":"Advanced three-dimensional tailored RF pulse for signal recovery in T2*-weighted functional magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"56","author":"Yip","year":"2006","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2025.108148_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.11.042","article-title":"Neural correlates of unconditioned response diminution during Pavlovian conditioning","volume":"40","author":"Dunsmoor","year":"2008","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2025.108148_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2013.08.008","article-title":"Amygdala FAAH and anandamide: mediating protection and recovery from stress","volume":"34","author":"Gunduz-Cinar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2025.108148_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.10.047","article-title":"Divergent effects of genetic variation in endocannabinoid signaling on human threat- and reward-related brain function","volume":"66","author":"Hariri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2025.108148_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkr009","article-title":"Validation of the quantitative determination of tetrahydrocannabinol and its two major metabolites in plasma by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry according to the total error approach","volume":"36","author":"Dubois","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2025.108148_bb0225","first-page":"22","article-title":"The Mini-international neuropsychiatric interview (M.I.N.I): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10","volume":"59","author":"Sheehan","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2025.108148_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000486","article-title":"The clinician-administered PTSD scale for DSM\u20135 (CAPS-5): development and initial psychometric evaluation in military veterans","volume":"30","author":"Weathers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2025.108148_bib266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2011.10111704","article-title":"The Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale: initial validity and internal consistency findings from three multisite studies with adolescents and adults","volume":"168","author":"Posner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2025.108148_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22059","article-title":"The posttraumatic stress disorder checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5): development and initial psychometric evaluation","volume":"28","author":"Blevins","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Trauma. Stress."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2025.108148_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90047-4","article-title":"The Pittsburgh sleep quality index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research","volume":"28","author":"Buysse","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2025.108148_bb0230","series-title":"Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, STAI (Form Y) (\u201cSelf-Evaluation Questionnaire\u201d)","author":"Spielberger","year":"1983"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2025.108148_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-012-2954-z","article-title":"The drug effects questionnaire: psychometric support across three drug types","volume":"227","author":"Morean","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2025.108148_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(91)90054-3","article-title":"Testing the abuse liability of anxiolytic and hypnotic drugs in humans","volume":"28","author":"de Wit","year":"1991","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2025.108148_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01749.x","article-title":"Utility of subjective-effects measurements in assessing abuse liability of drugs in humans","volume":"86","author":"Fischman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br. J. Addict."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2025.108148_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(85)90002-X","article-title":"\u2018Hangover\u2019 effects the morning after marijuana smoking","volume":"15","author":"Chait","year":"1985","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2025.108148_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt1971122part1245","article-title":"Physiologic, subjective, and behavioral effects of amphetamine, methamphetamine, ephedrine, phenmetrazine, and methylphenidate in man","volume":"12","author":"Martin","year":"1971","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"issue":"0","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2025.108148_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2014.11.017","article-title":"Design of VA cooperative study #591: CERV-PTSD, comparative effectiveness research in veterans with PTSD","volume":"41","author":"Schnurr","year":"2015","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Trials"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2025.108148_bib267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/75.4.800","article-title":"A sharper Bonferroni procedure for multiple tests of significance","volume":"75","author":"Hochberg","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2025.108148_bb0150","series-title":"Atlas of the Human Brain","author":"Mai","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2025.108148_bb0235","series-title":"Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain","author":"Talairach","year":"1988"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2025.108148_bib268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1997.0291","article-title":"Psychophysiological and modulatory interactions in neuroimaging","volume":"6","author":"Friston","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2025.108148_bib269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsm029","article-title":"Amygdala-frontal connectivity during emotion regulation","volume":"2","author":"Banks","year":"2007","journal-title":"Soc. Cogn. Affect Neurosci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2025.108148_bb0010","first-page":"647","article-title":"Decomposition of skin conductance data by means of nonnegative deconvolution","volume":"47","author":"Benedek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2025.108148_bb0215","article-title":"An intensive outpatient program with prolonged exposure for veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: retention, predictors, and patterns of change","author":"Rauch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol. Serv."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2025.108148_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.3412","article-title":"Efficacy of prolonged exposure therapy, sertraline hydrochloride, and their combination among combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"76","author":"Rauch","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2025.108148_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.20m13752","article-title":"Predictors of response to prolonged exposure, sertraline, and their combination for the treatment of military PTSD","volume":"82","author":"Rauch","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Contemporary Clinical Trials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1551714425003428?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1551714425003428?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,14]],"date-time":"2026-06-14T17:43:14Z","timestamp":1781458994000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1551714425003428"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":57,"alternative-id":["S1551714425003428"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cct.2025.108148","relation":{},"ISSN":["1551-7144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1551-7144","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Randomized trial of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) versus placebo to augment the effects of prolonged exposure therapy on fear extinction learning in post-traumatic stress disorder: Study rationale and protocol","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Contemporary Clinical Trials","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cct.2025.108148","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108148"}}