{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]],"date-time":"2026-06-21T11:51:07Z","timestamp":1782042667230,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011541","name":"National Cancer Institute Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01CA284649"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA284649"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011541","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Contemporary Clinical Trials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T00:22:59Z","timestamp":1767658979000},"page":"108215","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Rationale, design, and protocol for a sequential, multiple assignment, randomized trial of adaptive treatment for smoking cessation: The ADAPT trial"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"162","author":[{"given":"Gabrielle A.","family":"Brown","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William C.","family":"McCamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle I.","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna C.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy E.","family":"Wahlquist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Kaczmar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen L.","family":"Cropsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Carpenter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracy T.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"52","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108215_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6552a1","article-title":"Quitting smoking among adults - United States, 2000-2015","volume":"65","author":"Babb","year":"2017","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal Wkly. Rep."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108215_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200412331324893","article-title":"Recent quitters\u2019 interest in recycling and harm reduction","volume":"6","author":"Joseph","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108215_bb0015","first-page":"235","article-title":"Promoting repeat tobacco dependence treatment: are relapsed smokers interested?","volume":"12","author":"Fu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Manag. Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108215_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-014-9627-6","article-title":"Rates and predictors of renewed quitting after relapse during a one-year follow-up among primary care patients","volume":"49","author":"Bold","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Behav. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108215_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199108013250503","article-title":"A double-blind trial of a 16-hour transdermal nicotine patch in smoking cessation","volume":"325","author":"Tonnesen","year":"1991","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108215_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.96.09081619","article-title":"Recycling of hard-core smokers with nicotine nasal spray","volume":"9","author":"Tonnesen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108215_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2006.06.021","article-title":"Randomized trial of an intervention to facilitate recycling for relapsed smokers","volume":"31","author":"Partin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108215_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-507","article-title":"Reaching out, inviting back: using Interactive voice response (IVR) technology to recycle relapsed smokers back to Quitline treatment--a randomized controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"Carlini","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108215_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2013.12070919","article-title":"Adapting smoking cessation treatment according to initial response to precessation nicotine patch","volume":"170","author":"Rose","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108215_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.111090","article-title":"Personalized and adaptive interventions for smoking cessation: emerging trends and determinants of efficacy","volume":"27","author":"Cohen","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108215_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2014.13050595","article-title":"Combination treatment with varenicline and bupropion in an adaptive smoking cessation paradigm","volume":"171","author":"Rose","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108215_bb0060","first-page":"999","article-title":"Combination Varenicline\/bupropion treatment benefits highly dependent smokers in an adaptive smoking cessation paradigm","volume":"19","author":"Rose","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108215_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.17895","article-title":"Multiple pharmacotherapy adaptations for smoking cessation based on treatment response in black adults who smoke: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"6","author":"Nollen","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108215_bb0070","series-title":"Public Health Consequences of E-Cigarettes","author":"National Academies of Sciences, E., and Medicine","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108215_bb0075","article-title":"Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation","volume":"1","author":"Lindson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108215_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1007\/s13142-014-0265-0","article-title":"Introduction to SMART designs for the development of adaptive interventions: with application to weight loss research","volume":"4","author":"Almirall","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transl. Behav. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108215_bb0085","series-title":"STARS (Smoking Treatment and Remote Sampling) Study. NCT04525755","author":"Carpenter","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108215_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.102142","article-title":"Effect of unguided e-cigarette provision on uptake, use, and smoking cessation among adults who smoke in the USA: a naturalistic, randomised, controlled clinical trial","volume":"63","author":"Carpenter","year":"2023","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108215_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntaa241","article-title":"A pilot randomized clinical trial of remote Varenicline sampling to promote treatment engagement and smoking cessation","volume":"23","author":"Carpenter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108215_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14953","article-title":"Nicotine replacement therapy sampling for smoking cessation within primary care: results from a pragmatic cluster randomized clinical trial","volume":"115","author":"Carpenter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108215_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2015-052783","article-title":"Snus undermines quit attempts but not abstinence: a randomised clinical trial among US smokers","volume":"26","author":"Carpenter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tob. Control."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108215_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-17-0460","article-title":"A naturalistic, randomized pilot trial of E-cigarettes: uptake, exposure, and behavioral effects","volume":"26","author":"Carpenter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108215_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2134","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntaa105","article-title":"Remote methods for conducting tobacco-focused clinical trials","volume":"22","author":"Dahne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108215_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200115060-00004","article-title":"Combination nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation: rationale, efficacy and tolerability","volume":"15","author":"Sweeney","year":"2001","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108215_bb0125","article-title":"Juul wins order banning US imports of Altria vaping devices","author":"Brittain","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reuters"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108215_bb0130","article-title":"FDA authorizes Marketing of Tobacco- and Menthol-Flavored JUUL E-cigarette products: FDA will monitor compliance with robust restrictions to limit youth exposure to marketing and will act appropriately if compant fails to comply with requirements","author":"Food and Drug Administration (FDA)","year":"2025","journal-title":"CTP Newsroom"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108215_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.158.16.1789","article-title":"The AUDIT alcohol consumption questions (AUDIT-C): an effective brief screening test for problem drinking. Ambulatory care quality improvement project (ACQUIP). Alcohol use disorders identification test","volume":"158","author":"Bush","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108215_bb0140","first-page":"1119","article-title":"The Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence: a revision of the Fagerstrom tolerance questionnaire","volume":"86","author":"Heatherton","year":"1991","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108215_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(99)00057-4","article-title":"Patients\u2019 beliefs about prescribed medicines and their role in adherence to treatment in chronic physical illness","volume":"47","author":"Horne","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108215_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.03.029","article-title":"Assessing nicotine dependence in adolescent E-cigarette users: the 4-item patient-reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS) nicotine dependence item Bank for electronic cigarettes","volume":"188","author":"Morean","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108215_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntx271","article-title":"Psychometric evaluation of the E-cigarette dependence scale","volume":"21","author":"Morean","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108215_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1037\/ccp0000338","article-title":"Does cessation fatigue predict smoking-cessation milestones? A longitudinal study of current and former smokers","volume":"86","author":"Heckman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108215_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.54.6.1063","article-title":"Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales","volume":"54","author":"Watson","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108215_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2017.01.038","article-title":"Effectiveness of switching smoking-cessation medications following relapse","volume":"53","author":"Heckman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108215_bb0175","series-title":"Food and Drug Administration Trials for Drugs and Biological Products. Guidance for Industry. Draft Guidance","author":"US Department of Health and Human Services","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108215_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-015-0162-z","article-title":"Testing for baseline differences in randomized controlled trials: an unhealthy research behavior that is hard to eradicate","volume":"12","author":"de Boer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108215_bb0185","first-page":"205","article-title":"Baseline comparisons and covariate fishing: bad statistical habits we should have broken yesterday","volume":"18","author":"Gruijters","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Health Psychol."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108215_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780131703","article-title":"Testing for baseline balance in clinical trials","volume":"13","author":"Senn","year":"1994","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108215_bb0195","series-title":"State Cancer Profiles","author":"National Cancer Institute, (NCI)","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108215_bb0200","series-title":"SC Tracking","author":"South Carolina Deparmtnet of Public Health","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108215_bb0205","series-title":"Rural Health","author":"Alabama Department of Public Health","year":"2025"}],"container-title":["Contemporary Clinical Trials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1551714426000017?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1551714426000017?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]],"date-time":"2026-06-21T11:32:39Z","timestamp":1782041559000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1551714426000017"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["S1551714426000017"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108215","relation":{},"ISSN":["1551-7144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1551-7144","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Rationale, design, and protocol for a sequential, multiple assignment, randomized trial of adaptive treatment for smoking cessation: The ADAPT trial","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Contemporary Clinical Trials","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108215","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108215"}}