{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T20:52:07Z","timestamp":1788295927761,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006808","name":"University of North Carolina","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006808","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30AI050410"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AI050410"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32HD075731"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32HD075731"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01CA250850"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA250850"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011072","name":"Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30AI050410"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AI050410"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Contemporary Clinical Trials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T00:38:54Z","timestamp":1772498334000},"page":"108272","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Randomized clinical trial protocol: Acceptability and feasibility of combination treatment for cervical precancer among South African women living with HIV (ACT 2)"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"164","author":[{"given":"Carla J.","family":"Chibwesha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katie R.","family":"Mollan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas S.","family":"Teodoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica R.","family":"Keys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuning","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masangu","family":"Mulongo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sibusisiwe","family":"Gumede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tafadzwa","family":"Pasipamire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Faesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Rahangdale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108272_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1086\/599123","article-title":"Human papillomavirus infection and cervical cytology in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected Rwandan women","volume":"199","author":"Singh","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108272_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3181743327","article-title":"Human papillomavirus infection and cervical disease in human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected women","volume":"111","author":"Denny","year":"2008","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108272_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6603737","article-title":"Prevalence and distribution of HPV genotypes among HIV-infected women in Zambia","volume":"96","author":"Sahasrabuddhe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108272_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djj010","article-title":"Incident high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions in Senegalese women with and without human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2","volume":"98","author":"Hawes","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108272_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0b013e31824ca9d5","article-title":"Screening guidelines for prevention and early detection of cervical cancer","volume":"16","author":"Saslow","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Low. Genit. Tract. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108272_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S78","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0b013e31828543c5","article-title":"Five-year risk of recurrence after treatment of CIN 2, CIN 3, or AIS: performance of HPV and Pap cotesting in posttreatment management","volume":"17","author":"Katki","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Low. Genit. Tract. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108272_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000438960.31355.9e","article-title":"Management of abnormal cervical cancer screening test results and cervical cancer precursors. Practice Bulletin No. 140","volume":"122","author":"American College of Obstetricians and Gyncologists","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108272_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0b013e328319bcbe","article-title":"Prevention of cervical cancer in women with HIV","volume":"4","author":"Heard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108272_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2010.06.012","article-title":"Outcomes after an excisional procedure for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in HIV-infected women","volume":"119","author":"Reimers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108272_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1097\/01.lgt.0000245038.06977.a7","article-title":"Outcomes after treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia among women with HIV","volume":"11","author":"Massad","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Low. Genit. Tract. Dis."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108272_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy1123","article-title":"Residual or recurrent precancerous lesions after treatment of cervical lesions in human immunodeficiency virus-infected women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of treatment failure","volume":"69","author":"Debeaudrap","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108272_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.03.022","article-title":"A randomized clinical trial comparing cervical dysplasia treatment with cryotherapy vs loop electrosurgical excision procedure in HIV-seropositive women from Johannesburg, South Africa","volume":"217","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108272_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.14969","article-title":"Effect of cryotherapy vs loop electrosurgical excision procedure on cervical disease recurrence among women with HIV and high-grade cervical lesions in Kenya: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"322","author":"Greene","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108272_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2211","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1456","article-title":"Human papillomavirus vaccination prior to loop electroexcision procedure does not prevent recurrent cervical high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions in women living with human immunodeficiency virus: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"73","author":"Firnhaber","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108272_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jncimonographs.a003473","article-title":"Chapter 17: genital human papillomavirus infections--current and prospective therapies","volume":"31","author":"Stanley","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108272_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2008.02.012","article-title":"Review of squamous premalignant vulvar lesions","volume":"68","author":"van de Nieuwenhof","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108272_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S38217","article-title":"Current treatment options for management of anal intraepithelial neoplasia","volume":"6","author":"Weis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Onco. Targets Ther."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108272_bb0090","first-page":"954","article-title":"Vaginal 5-fluorouracil for high-grade cervical dysplasia in human immunodeficiency virus infection: a randomized trial","volume":"94","author":"Maiman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108272_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2013.12.042","article-title":"Topical 5-fluorouracil for treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"210","author":"Rahangdale","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108272_bb0100","article-title":"Perspectives on cervical cancer prevention strategies and a combination treatment for cervical precancer in South African women living with HIV and male partners","volume":"7","author":"Teodoro","year":"2025","journal-title":"medRxiv [preprint]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108272_bb0105","author":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS (UNAIDS)"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108272_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-12-0334","article-title":"Cervical cancer in Africa","volume":"21","author":"Denny","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev."},{"issue":"Suppl. 5","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108272_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.07.055","article-title":"Global burden of human papillomavirus and related diseases","volume":"30","author":"Forman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108272_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.27711","article-title":"Global estimates of cancer prevalence for 27 sites in the adult population in 2008","volume":"132","author":"Bray","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108272_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.07.092","article-title":"The burden of human papillomavirus infections and related diseases in sub-saharan Africa","volume":"31","author":"De Vuyst","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108272_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.02.065","article-title":"Colposcopically directed biopsy, random cervical biopsy and endocervical curretage in the diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia II or worse","volume":"191","author":"Pretorius","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108272_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0b013e3181fb4547","article-title":"Regardless of skill, performing more biopsies increases the sensitivity of colposcopy","volume":"15","author":"Pretorius","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Low. Genit. Tract. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108272_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pvr.2015.05.002","article-title":"Performance of the Xpert HPV assay in women attending for cervical screening","volume":"1","author":"Cuzick","year":"2015","journal-title":"Papillomavirus Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108272_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pvr.2016.02.004","article-title":"Xpert human papillomavirus test is a promising cervical cancer screening test for HIV-seropositive women","volume":"2","author":"Mbulawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Papillomavirus Res."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108272_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.12902","article-title":"WHO laboratory validation of Xpert((R)) CT\/NG and Xpert((R)) TV on the GeneXpert system verifies high performances","volume":"126","author":"Jacobsson","year":"2018","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108272_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.03461-12","article-title":"Performance of the cepheid CT\/NG Xpert rapid PCR test for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae","volume":"51","author":"Gaydos","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108272_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-026888","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of the Xpert CT\/NG and OSOM trichomonas rapid assays for point-of-care STI testing among young women in South Africa: a cross-sectional study","volume":"9","author":"Garrett","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108272_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01091-17","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of the cepheid Xpert TV assay for detection of trichomonas vaginalis with prospectively collected specimens from men and women","volume":"56","author":"Schwebke","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108272_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000498","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of 2 point-of-care lateral flow tests for the diagnosis of syphilis","volume":"43","author":"Nakku-Joloba","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Dis."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108272_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-009-9635-x","article-title":"Adherence and its measurement in phase 2\/3 microbicide trials","volume":"14","author":"Tolley","year":"2010","journal-title":"AIDS Behav."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108272_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-016-1465-z","article-title":"Measurement of vaginal microbicide adherence using visual inspection as compared to ultra violet light assessment of returned empty gel applicators","volume":"21","author":"Upfold","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIDS Behav."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108272_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1007\/s13142-015-0315-2","article-title":"Self-report measures of medication adherence behavior: recommendations on optimal use","volume":"5","author":"Stirratt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transl. Behav. Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108272_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2977","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-013-0510-4","article-title":"Daily short message service surveys to measure sexual behavior and pre-exposure prophylaxis use among Kenyan men and women","volume":"17","author":"Curran","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS Behav."},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108272_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2004","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2012.45.8117","article-title":"Harnessing technology to improve clinical trials: study of real-time informatics to collect data, toxicities, image response assessments, and patient-reported outcomes in a phase II clinical trial","volume":"31","author":"Pietanza","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108272_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.7513","article-title":"Using digital technologies in clinical HIV research: real-world applications and considerations for future work","volume":"19","author":"Andriesen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108272_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0b013e3181ca03df","article-title":"A comparison study of multiple measures of adherence to antipsychotic medication in first-episode psychosis","volume":"30","author":"Cassidy","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108272_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1214\/14-STS499","article-title":"Nonparametric bounds and sensitivity analysis of treatment effects","volume":"29","author":"Richardson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stat. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108272_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1086\/520022","article-title":"Cervical cancer screening of women living with HIV infection: a must in the era of antiretroviral therapy","volume":"45","author":"Franceschi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108272_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(17)30149-2","article-title":"Association of antiretroviral therapy with high-risk human papillomavirus, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, and invasive cervical cancer in women living with HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Kelly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108272_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djr235","article-title":"AIDS-related cancers increase in Africa","volume":"103","author":"Brower","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108272_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-050409-103711","article-title":"The increasing burden of HIV-associated malignancies in resource-limited regions","volume":"62","author":"Casper","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."}],"container-title":["Contemporary Clinical Trials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1551714426000583?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1551714426000583?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T10:35:14Z","timestamp":1779446114000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1551714426000583"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["S1551714426000583"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108272","relation":{},"ISSN":["1551-7144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1551-7144","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Randomized clinical trial protocol: Acceptability and feasibility of combination treatment for cervical precancer among South African women living with HIV (ACT 2)","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Contemporary Clinical Trials","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cct.2026.108272","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108272"}}