{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T20:23:44Z","timestamp":1787862224320,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cdn.nutrition.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Current Developments in Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2026.109436","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T06:42:36Z","timestamp":1783752156000},"page":"109436","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From Evidence to Action: Addressing Micronutrient Gaps among Women of Reproductive Age in Malawi Using the Comprehensive Nutrient Gap Assessment Framework"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Zione","family":"Kalumikiza-Chikumbu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bridget","family":"Mkama-Maliya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8379-9940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gareth","family":"Osman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander A","family":"Kalimbira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2026.109436_bib1","series-title":"National Statistical Office (NSO), Community Health Sciences Unit (CHSU)","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2026.109436_bib2","series-title":"Guidelines on Food Fortification with Micronutrients","author":"Allen","year":"2006"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2026.109436_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1590","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(24)00276-6","article-title":"Global estimation of dietary micronutrient inadequacies: a modelling analysis","volume":"12","author":"Passarelli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2026.109436_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6566","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-43013-z","article-title":"The risk of selenium deficiency in Malawi is large and varies over multiple spatial scales","volume":"9","author":"Phiri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2026.109436_bib5","first-page":"10","article-title":"Assessment of vitamin A deficiency in Republic of Malawi by impression cytology method","volume":"61","author":"Escoute","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2026.109436_bib6","series-title":"Malawi Demographic and Health Survey 2015\u201316 [Internet]. Zomba, Malawi, and","year":"2017"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2026.109436_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab004","article-title":"Vitamin A deficiency has declined in Malawi, but with evidence of elevated vitamin A in children","volume":"113","author":"Williams","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2026.109436_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1765596","article-title":"The role of policy on fortification in food processing and value addition in Malawi and Mozambique\u2012a systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Makonda","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2026.109436_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1111\/ppl.12144","article-title":"Dietary mineral supplies in Africa","volume":"151","author":"Joy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol Plant"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2026.109436_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831\/a000158","article-title":"A high prevalence of zinc- but not iron-deficiency among women in rural Malawi: a cross-sectional study","volume":"83","author":"Siyame","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2026.109436_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0423","article-title":"An outbreak of pellagra in the Kasese catchment area, Dowa, Malawi","volume":"96","author":"Matapandeu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop Med. Hyg."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2026.109436_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2338","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17142338","article-title":"Micronutrient deficiencies and determinants among pregnant women and children in Nigeria: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Aigbedion","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2026.109436_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuaa140","article-title":"Comprehensive Nutrient Gap Assessment (CONGA): a method for identifying the public health significance of nutrient gaps","volume":"79","author":"Beal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2026.109436_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461S","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.115.223487","article-title":"Preconceptional nutrition interventions for adolescent girls and adult women: global guidelines and gaps in evidence and policy with emphasis on micronutrients","volume":"146","author":"De-Regil","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2026.109436_bib15","series-title":"Lilongwe, Malawi","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2026.109436_bib16","series-title":"National Multi-Sector Nutrition Strategic Plan 2018\u20132022 [Internet]","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2026.109436_bib17","series-title":"2020: Based on the Fifth Integrated Household Survey (IHS5), 2019\u20132020 [Internet]. Zomba, Malawi","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2026.109436_bib18","series-title":"Malawian Food Composition Table","first-page":"94","author":"van Graan","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2026.109436_bib19","series-title":"Kenya Food Composition Tables [Internet]","first-page":"254","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2026.109436_bib20","series-title":"(2019): User Guide & Condensed Food Composition Table [Internet]","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2026.109436_bib21","series-title":"Monitoring Flour Fortification to Maximize Health Benefits: A Manual for Millers, Regulators, and Programme Managers","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2026.109436_bib22","first-page":"105","article-title":"Modeling food fortification contributions to micronutrient requirements in Malawi using Household Consumption and Expenditure Surveys, Ann. N Y Acad","volume":"1508","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2026.109436_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmz096","article-title":"Perspective: proposed harmonized nutrient reference values for populations","volume":"11","author":"Allen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2026.109436_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.04.020","article-title":"Dietary patterns and depression risk: A meta-analysis","volume":"253","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2026.109436_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.22270\/ijmspr.v11i1.136","article-title":"Anemia in pregnancy: the role of iron transport and regulation","volume":"11","author":"Obeagu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci. Pharm. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2026.109436_bib26","first-page":"839","article-title":"Maternal iron and zinc and preterm labor risk: a nested case-control study based on the Lanzhou Birth Cohort Study (BBCS) in China, Asia Pac","volume":"34","author":"Ding","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2026.109436_bib27","article-title":"Selenium and thyroid diseases","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2026.109436_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1177\/0379572116647823","article-title":"The importance of animal source foods for nutrient sufficiency in the developing world: the Zambia scenario","volume":"37","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2026.109436_bib29","series-title":"Are Malawian diets changing? An assessment of nutrient consumption and dietary patterns using household-level evidence from 2010\/11 and 2016\/17, MaSSP Working Paper 30","author":"Gilbert","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2026.109436_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1080\/87559129.2021.1906697","article-title":"A review of phytic acid sources, obtention, and applications","volume":"39","author":"Bloot","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Rev. Int."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2026.109436_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/81.1.115","article-title":"Iron deficiency due to consumption of a habitual diet low in bioavailable iron: a longitudinal cohort study in Moroccan children","volume":"81","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2026.109436_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuy028","article-title":"Implications of phytate in plant-based foods for iron and zinc bioavailability, setting dietary requirements, and formulating programs and policies","volume":"76","author":"Gibson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2026.109436_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/74.6.803","article-title":"Apparent copper absorption from a vegetarian diet","volume":"74","author":"Hunt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2026.109436_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.19080\/OROAJ.2019.15.555903","article-title":"Ensuring adequate calcium intake on a plant-based diet","volume":"15","author":"Rose","year":"2019","journal-title":"Orthop. Rheumatol. Open Access J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2026.109436_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2023.1155661","article-title":"Recalibration of benchmarks is necessary: even the most basic meal was not affordable for Malawi\u2019s poor between 2017 and 2021","volume":"7","author":"Bwanaisa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Sustain. Food Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2026.109436_bib36","series-title":"The Second Malawi Multidimensional Poverty Index [Internet]","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2026.109436_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-80387-x","article-title":"Impact of improved small-scale livestock farming on human nutrition","volume":"11","author":"Hossain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Current Developments in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2475299126018019?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2475299126018019?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T19:56:21Z","timestamp":1787860581000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2475299126018019"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S2475299126018019"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cdnut.2026.109436","relation":{},"ISSN":["2475-2991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2475-2991","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"From Evidence to Action: Addressing Micronutrient Gaps among Women of Reproductive Age in Malawi Using the Comprehensive Nutrient Gap Assessment Framework","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Current Developments in Nutrition","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cdnut.2026.109436","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of American Society for Nutrition.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"109436"}}