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But their relationship has not been well addressed. In this study, we investigated how intravenous BM\u2010MSC transplantation in rats effected the expression of TGF\u2010\u03b21 48 h post cerebral ischemia, and we analyzed the main cells that produce TGF\u2010\u03b21.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used a distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (dMCAO) model in twenty Sprague\u2013Dawley (SD) rats. The rats were randomly divided into two groups: the ischemic control group and the postischemic BM\u2010MSC transplantation group. One hour after the dMCAO model was established, the rats were injected in the tail vein with either 1 ml saline or 1\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup> BM\u2010MSCs suspended in 1 ml saline. ELISAs were used to detect TGF\u2010\u03b21 content in the brain infarct core area, striatum and the plasma at 48 h after cerebral infarction. Immunofluorescent staining of brain tissue sections for TGF\u2010\u03b21, Iba\u20101, CD68 and NeuN was performed to determine the number and the proportion of double stained cells and to detect possible TGF\u2010\u03b21 producing cells in the brain tissue.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Forty\u2010eight hours after ischemia, the TGF\u2010\u03b21 content in the infarcted area of the BM\u2010MSC transplantation group (23.94\u00a0\u00b1\u00a04.48 pg\/ml) was significantly lower than it was in the ischemic control group (34.18\u00a0\u00b1\u00a04.32 pg\/ml) (F\u00a0=\u00a013.534, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.006). The TGF\u2010\u03b21 content in the rat plasma in the BM\u2010MSC transplantation group (75.91\u00a0\u00b1\u00a012.53 pg\/ml) was significantly lower than it was in the ischemic control group (131.18\u00a0\u00b1\u00a016.07 pg\/ml) (F\u00a0=\u00a036.779, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.0002), suggesting that after transplantation of BM\u2010MSCs, TGF\u2010\u03b21 levels in the plasma decreased, but there was no significant change in the striatum area. Immunofluorescence staining showed that the total number of nucleated cells (1037.67\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0222.16\u00a0cells\/mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) in the infarcted area after transplantation was significantly higher than that in the ischemic control group (391.67\u00a0\u00b1\u00a069.50\u00a0cells\/mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) (F\u00a0=\u00a092.421, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01); the number of TGF\u2010\u03b21<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> cells after transplantation (35.00\u00a0\u00b1\u00a013.66\u00a0cells\/mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) was significantly reduced in comparison to that in the ischemic control group (72.33\u00a0\u00b1\u00a032.08\u00a0cells\/mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) (F\u00a0=\u00a037.680, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01). The number of TGF\u2010\u03b21<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\/Iba\u20101<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> microglia cells in the transplantation group (3.67\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03.17\u00a0cells\/mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) was significantly reduced in comparison to that of the ischemic control group (13.67\u00a0\u00b1\u00a05.52\u00a0cells\/mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) (F\u00a0=\u00a029.641, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01). The proportion of TGF\u2010\u03b21<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\/Iba\u20101<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> microglia cells out of all Iba\u20101<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> microglia cells after transplantation (4.38\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03.18%) was significantly decreased compared with that in the ischemic control group (12.81\u00a0\u00b1\u00a04.86%) (F\u00a0=\u00a028.125, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Iba\u20101<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> microglia is one of the main cell types that express TGF\u2010\u03b21. Intravenous transplantation of BM\u2010MSCs does not cooperate with TGF\u2010\u03b21<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> cells in immune\u2010regulation, but reduces the TGF\u2010\u03b21 content in the infarcted area and in the plasma at 48 h after cerebral infarction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cdtm.2020.05.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]],"date-time":"2020-07-01T12:30:39Z","timestamp":1593606639000},"page":"270-280","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation downregulates plasma level and the microglia expression of transforming growth factor \u03b21 in the acute phase of cerebral cortex ischemia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Zhao\u2010Hui","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University Changsha Hunan 410011 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