{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T11:48:59Z","timestamp":1790855339904,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019179","name":"Fundaci\u00f3n La Caixa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019179","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000006","name":"Office of Naval Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N00014-24-1-2060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N00014-24-1-2060"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000183","name":"Army Research Office","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W911NF-22-1-0126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W911NF-22-1-0126"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000183","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005302","name":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005302","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010434","name":"&apos;la Caixa&apos; Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010434","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2238715"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2238715"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W911NF-24-1-0106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W911NF-24-1-0106"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cell.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cell Biomaterials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.celbio.2026.100459","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T15:07:34Z","timestamp":1778252854000},"page":"100459","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Limb-on-a-chip: An all-hydrogel platform for scalable and reproducible engineering of functional neuromuscular tissues"],"prefix":"10.1016","author":[{"given":"Laura","family":"Schwendeman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angel","family":"Bu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonika","family":"Kohli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferdows","family":"Afghah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamara","family":"Rossy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8657-9815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ritu","family":"Raman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.celbio.2026.100459_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2020.07.002","article-title":"Harmony Lost: Cell\u2013Cell Communication at the Neuromuscular Junction in Motor Neuron Disease","volume":"43","author":"Gromova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celbio.2026.100459_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.044370","article-title":"Moving neuromuscular disorders research forward: from novel models to clinical studies","volume":"13","author":"van Putten","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dis. Model. Mech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celbio.2026.100459_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3233\/JND-140045","article-title":"The Epidemiology of Neuromuscular Disorders: A Comprehensive Overview of the Literature","volume":"2","author":"Deenen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neuromuscul. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celbio.2026.100459_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-021-10201-2","article-title":"Current Progress in the Creation, Characterization, and Application of Human Stem Cell-derived in Vitro Neuromuscular Junction Models","volume":"18","author":"Lynch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celbio.2026.100459_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202211059","article-title":"Advances in In Vitro Models of Neuromuscular Junction: Focusing on Organ-on-a-Chip, Organoids, and Biohybrid Robotics","volume":"35","author":"Leng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celbio.2026.100459_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2025.05.004","article-title":"Meta-adaptive biomaterials: multiscale, spatiotemporal organization and actuation in engineered tissues","volume":"43","author":"Cedillo-Servin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celbio.2026.100459_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105825","article-title":"Skeletal muscle, neuromuscular organoids and assembloids: a scoping review","volume":"118","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"EBiomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celbio.2026.100459_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2019.12.007","article-title":"Self-Organizing 3D Human Trunk Neuromuscular Organoids","volume":"26","author":"Faustino Martins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celbio.2026.100459_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24776-4","article-title":"Human sensorimotor organoids derived from healthy and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis stem cells form neuromuscular junctions","volume":"12","author":"Pereira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celbio.2026.100459_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.11.017","article-title":"Generation of Functional Human 3D Cortico-Motor Assembloids","volume":"183","author":"Andersen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celbio.2026.100459_bib11","article-title":"Construction of a rodent neural network-skeletal muscle assembloid that simulate the postnatal development of spinal cord motor neuronal network","volume":"15","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celbio.2026.100459_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-43781-3","article-title":"Efficient generation of a self-organizing neuromuscular junction model from human pluripotent stem cells","volume":"14","author":"Urzi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celbio.2026.100459_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2313590121","article-title":"Neuronal innervation regulates the secretion of neurotrophic myokines and exosomes from skeletal muscle","volume":"121","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celbio.2026.100459_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/acf39e","article-title":"A scalable human iPSC-based neuromuscular disease model on suspended biobased elastomer nanofiber scaffolds","volume":"15","author":"Cheesbrough","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biofabrication"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celbio.2026.100459_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2011.09.014","article-title":"Neuromuscular junction formation between human stem cell-derived motoneurons and human skeletal muscle in a defined system","volume":"32","author":"Guo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celbio.2026.100459_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2891","DOI":"10.1039\/D4BM01017E","article-title":"Leveraging microtopography to pattern multi-oriented muscle actuators","volume":"13","author":"Rossy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celbio.2026.100459_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2076","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-016-1592-8","article-title":"Understanding the Role of ECM Protein Composition and Geometric Micropatterning for Engineering Human Skeletal Muscle","volume":"44","author":"Duffy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celbio.2026.100459_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1039\/c1ib00058f","article-title":"Patterning the differentiation of C2C12 skeletal myoblasts","volume":"3","author":"Bajaj","year":"2011","journal-title":"Integr. Biol. (Camb)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celbio.2026.100459_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4698","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.3c00235","article-title":"Mimicking the Tendon Microenvironment to Enhance Skeletal Muscle Adhesion and Longevity in a Functional Microcantilever Platform","volume":"9","author":"Jangir","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celbio.2026.100459_bib20","article-title":"Geometrically-engineered human motor assembloids-on-a-chip for neuromuscular interaction readout and hypoxia-driven disease modeling","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celbio.2026.100459_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/micronano.2017.15","article-title":"A 3D-printed platform for modular neuromuscular motor units","volume":"3","author":"Cvetkovic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microsyst. Nanoeng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celbio.2026.100459_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5134477","article-title":"Development of 3D neuromuscular bioactuators","volume":"4","author":"Aydin","year":"2020","journal-title":"APL Bioeng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celbio.2026.100459_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-019-0248-1","article-title":"On-chip 3D neuromuscular model for drug screening and precision medicine in neuromuscular disease","volume":"15","author":"Osaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celbio.2026.100459_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2021.121033","article-title":"Bioengineered optogenetic model of human neuromuscular junction","volume":"276","author":"Vila","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celbio.2026.100459_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1501429","article-title":"Microfluidic device for the formation of optically excitable, three-dimensional, compartmentalized motor units","volume":"2","author":"Uzel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celbio.2026.100459_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.764732","article-title":"Neuromuscular Development and Disease: Learning From in vitro and in vivo Models","volume":"9","author":"Fralish","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celbio.2026.100459_bib27","article-title":"Actuating Extracellular Matrices Decouple the Mechanical and Biochemical Effects of Muscle Contraction on Motor Neurons","volume":"14","author":"Bu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celbio.2026.100459_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0076635","article-title":"Principles for the design of multicellular engineered living systems","volume":"6","author":"Aydin","year":"2022","journal-title":"APL Bioeng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celbio.2026.100459_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adh8313","article-title":"Tunable hydrogel viscoelasticity modulates human neural maturation","volume":"9","author":"Roth","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celbio.2026.100459_bib30","series-title":"2023 IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)","first-page":"3992","article-title":"Segment Anything","author":"Kirillov","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celbio.2026.100459_bib31","article-title":"Physiological and functional characterization for high-throughput optogenetic skeletal muscle exercise assays","author":"Heisser","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioeng. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celbio.2026.100459_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2016.185","article-title":"A modular approach to the design, fabrication, and characterization of muscle-powered biological machines","volume":"12","author":"Raman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celbio.2026.100459_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.device.2023.100097","article-title":"Mechanically programming anisotropy in engineered muscle with actuating extracellular matrices","volume":"1","author":"Rios","year":"2023","journal-title":"Device"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celbio.2026.100459_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2023.08.014","article-title":"Highly contractile 3D tissue engineered skeletal muscles from human iPSCs reveal similarities with primary myoblast-derived tissues","volume":"18","author":"van Der Wal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celbio.2026.100459_bib35","article-title":"Differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells to spinal motor neurons","volume":"Chapter 1","author":"Wichterle","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celbio.2026.100459_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8639","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0898-09.2009","article-title":"\u03b1-Latrotoxin Stimulates a Novel Pathway of Ca2+-Dependent Synaptic Exocytosis Independent of the Classical Synaptic Fusion Machinery","volume":"29","author":"De\u00e1k","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celbio.2026.100459_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/30.1.207","article-title":"Gene Expression Omnibus: NCBI gene expression and hybridization array data repository","volume":"30","author":"Edgar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."}],"container-title":["Cell Biomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S3050562326001157?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S3050562326001157?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T15:33:53Z","timestamp":1783179233000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S3050562326001157"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["S3050562326001157"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.celbio.2026.100459","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2025.10.12.681910","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["3050-5623"],"issn-type":[{"value":"3050-5623","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Limb-on-a-chip: An all-hydrogel platform for scalable and reproducible engineering of functional neuromuscular tissues","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Cell Biomaterials","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.celbio.2026.100459","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100459"}}