{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T14:49:23Z","timestamp":1792075763891,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,1]],"date-time":"2008-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1222819200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,1]],"date-time":"2008-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1222819200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,22]],"date-time":"2013-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1377129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1786,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,1]],"date-time":"2008-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1222819200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,1]],"date-time":"2008-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1222819200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,1]],"date-time":"2008-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1222819200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,1]],"date-time":"2008-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1222819200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,1]],"date-time":"2008-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1222819200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cell.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cell"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.07.046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,3]],"date-time":"2008-10-03T04:31:24Z","timestamp":1223008284000},"page":"174-188","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":431,"title":["Systematic Genetic Analysis of Virulence in the Human Fungal Pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"135","author":[{"given":"Oliver W.","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheryl D.","family":"Chun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric D.","family":"Chow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changbin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiten D.","family":"Madhani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne M.","family":"Noble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.07.046_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5794","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.10.5794-5802.2003","article-title":"Role of alternative oxidase gene in pathogenesis of Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"71","author":"Akhter","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.07.046_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.1.1.75-84.2002","article-title":"Adenylyl cyclase functions downstream of the Galpha protein Gpa1 and controls mating and pathogenicity of Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"1","author":"Alspaugh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.07.046_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/S0962-8924(03)00127-2","article-title":"Functional genomics and proteomics: charting a multidimensional map of the yeast cell","volume":"13","author":"Bader","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.07.046_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e04-11-0987","article-title":"Specialization of the HOG pathway and its impact on differentiation and virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"16","author":"Bahn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.07.046_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2005.07.004","article-title":"Primary and opportunistic pathogens associated with meningitis in adults in Bangui, Central African Republic, in relation to human immunodeficiency virus serostatus","volume":"10","author":"Bekondi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.07.046_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.2.718-728.1997","article-title":"Reactivity patterns and epitope specificities of anti-Cryptococcus neoformans monoclonal antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and dot enzyme assay","volume":"65","author":"Belay","year":"1997","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.07.046_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldh043","article-title":"Cryptococcal meningitis","volume":"72","author":"Bicanic","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. Med. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.07.046_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2007.05676.x","article-title":"Sre1p, a regulator of oxygen sensing and sterol homeostasis, is required for virulence in Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"64","author":"Chang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.07.046_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s00294-007-0147-9","article-title":"Exploration of whole-genome responses of the human AIDS-associated yeast pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans var grubii: nitric oxide stress and body temperature","volume":"52","author":"Chow","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.07.046_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0030022","article-title":"A link between virulence and homeostatic responses to hypoxia during infection by the human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"3","author":"Chun","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.07.046_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1086\/339540","article-title":"Morbidity and mortality in South African gold miners: impact of untreated disease due to human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"34","author":"Corbett","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.07.046_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.1.173-180.2003","article-title":"Superoxide dismutase influences the virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans by affecting growth within macrophages","volume":"71","author":"Cox","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.07.046_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2001.02236.x","article-title":"Extracellular phospholipase activity is a virulence factor for Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"39","author":"Cox","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.07.046_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.2.443-448.2000","article-title":"Urease as a virulence factor in experimental cryptococcosis","volume":"68","author":"Cox","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.07.046_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00145-06","article-title":"Transcription factor Nrg1 mediates capsule formation, stress response, and pathogenesis in Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"5","author":"Cramer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.07.046_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3179","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.21.9.3179-3191.2001","article-title":"Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase controls virulence of the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"21","author":"D'Souza","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.07.046_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2003.10.029","article-title":"Enzymes that counteract nitrosative stress promote fungal virulence","volume":"13","author":"de Jesus-Berrios","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.07.046_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.3.5.1067-1075.2004","article-title":"Role of phagocytosis in the virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"3","author":"Del Poeta","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.07.046_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt797","article-title":"TIP, a T-cell factor identified using high-throughput screening increases survival in a graft-versus-host disease model","volume":"21","author":"Fiscella","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.07.046_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200205030-00009","article-title":"Cryptococcal infection in a cohort of HIV-1-infected Ugandan adults","volume":"16","author":"French","year":"2002","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.07.046_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1006\/pmpp.2002.0418","article-title":"Tagging quantitative loci controlling pathogenicity in Magnaporthe grisea by insertional mutagenesis","volume":"61","author":"Fujimoto","year":"2002","journal-title":"Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.07.046_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51669","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M408889200","article-title":"UDP-glucose dehydrogenase plays multiple roles in the biology of the pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"279","author":"Griffith","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.07.046_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3643","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.6.3643-3645.2004","article-title":"The alpha-specific cell identity factor Sxi1alpha is not required for virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"72","author":"Hull","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.07.046_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00214-06","article-title":"Peroxisome function regulates growth on glucose in the basidiomycete fungus Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"6","author":"Idnurm","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.07.046_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.3.2.420-429.2004","article-title":"Cryptococcus neoformans virulence gene discovery through insertional mutagenesis","volume":"3","author":"Idnurm","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.07.046_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7329","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0401648101","article-title":"The diploid genome sequence of Candida albicans","volume":"101","author":"Jones","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.07.046_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0040045","article-title":"Iron Source Preference and Regulation of Iron Uptake in Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"4","author":"Jung","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.07.046_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.14.1.62-67.1976","article-title":"Inhibition of phagocytosis by cryptococcal polysaccharide: dissociation of the attachment and ingestion phases of phagocytosis","volume":"14","author":"Kozel","year":"1976","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.07.046_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00398-06","article-title":"Parallel beta-helix proteins required for accurate capsule polysaccharide synthesis and virulence in the yeast Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.07.046_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T))","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Method. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.07.046_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1103773","article-title":"The genome of the basidiomycetous yeast and human pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"307","author":"Loftus","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.07.046_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1567-1364.2006.00072.x","article-title":"Glucuronoxylomannan exhibits potent immunosuppressive properties","volume":"6","author":"Monari","year":"2006","journal-title":"FEMS Yeast Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.07.046_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.3.6.1513-1524.2004","article-title":"Cas3p belongs to a seven-member family of capsule structure designer proteins","volume":"3","author":"Moyrand","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.07.046_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.3.6.1601-1608.2004","article-title":"UGD1, encoding the Cryptococcus neoformans UDP-glucose dehydrogenase, is essential for growth at 37 degrees C and for capsule biosynthesis","volume":"3","author":"Moyrand","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.07.046_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/157.3.935","article-title":"Identification of virulence mutants of the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans using signature-tagged mutagenesis","volume":"157","author":"Nelson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.07.046_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04332","article-title":"Genomic sequence of the pathogenic and allergenic filamentous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"438","author":"Nierman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.07.046_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-5814.2003.00268.x","article-title":"The contribution of melanin to microbial pathogenesis","volume":"5","author":"Nosanchuk","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.07.046_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.3.1693-1699.2004","article-title":"CNLAC1 is required for extrapulmonary dissemination of Cryptococcus neoformans but not pulmonary persistence","volume":"72","author":"Noverr","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.07.046_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-006-0083-0","article-title":"Microreview: capsule-associated genes of Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"163","author":"Okabayashi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.07.046_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)63734-0","article-title":"Urease expression by Cryptococcus neoformans promotes microvascular sequestration, thereby enhancing central nervous system invasion","volume":"164","author":"Olszewski","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.07.046_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2005.08.013","article-title":"Signature-tagged mutagenesis: technical advances in a negative selection method for virulence gene identification","volume":"8","author":"Saenz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.07.046_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5977","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00768-06","article-title":"The cryptococcal enzyme inositol phosphosphingolipid-phospholipase C confers resistance to the antifungal effects of macrophages and promotes fungal dissemination to the central nervous system","volume":"74","author":"Shea","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.07.046_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37508","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M707913200","article-title":"Cell wall-linked cryptococcal phospholipase B1 is a source of secreted enzyme and a determinant of cell wall integrity","volume":"282","author":"Siafakas","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.07.046_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6215(97)10058-1","article-title":"Structural characterization of the galactoxylomannan of Cryptococcus neoformans Cap67","volume":"306","author":"Vaishnav","year":"1998","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.07.046_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.3.4.1028-1035.2004","article-title":"Mutation of the regulator of G protein signaling Crg1 increases virulence in Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.07.046_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780601009493","article-title":"Fungal diseases: an evolving public health challenge","volume":"44","author":"Warnock","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."}],"container-title":["Cell"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S009286740801012X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S009286740801012X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T11:03:46Z","timestamp":1758798226000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S009286740801012X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,10]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S009286740801012X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2008.07.046","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1123230.580371","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1123230.580516","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1123230.793520431","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0092-8674"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0092-8674","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Systematic Genetic Analysis of Virulence in the Human Fungal Pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Cell","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2008.07.046","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}