{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T19:58:11Z","timestamp":1792699091046,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,4]],"date-time":"2021-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":368,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013290","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China Stem Cell and Translational Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013290","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cell.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cell"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.07.024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,23]],"date-time":"2020-07-23T16:05:19Z","timestamp":1595520319000},"page":"1271-1283.e16","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":645,"title":["A Thermostable mRNA Vaccine against COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"182","author":[{"given":"Na-Na","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Feng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong-Qiang","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Jiao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Jin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rong-Rong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shi-Hui","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hang","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu-Long","family":"Zu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tian-Shu","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xing-Yao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong-Ying","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian-Hui","family":"Nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhang","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua-Yuan","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xia-Lin","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen-Yu","family":"Zha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongsheng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"You-Chun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Ying","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0632-2807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng-Feng","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.07.024_bib1","article-title":"Messenger RNA-Based Vaccines Against Infectious Diseases","author":"Alameh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.07.024_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.03.007","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: Status Report","volume":"52","author":"Amanat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.07.024_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2017.03.035","article-title":"Preclinical and Clinical Demonstration of Immunogenicity by mRNA Vaccines against H10N8 and H7N9 Influenza Viruses","volume":"25","author":"Bahl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.07.024_bib4","first-page":"e13525","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 viral spike G614 mutation exhibits higher case fatality rate","author":"Becerra-Flores","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.07.024_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800048019","article-title":"The time course of the immune response to experimental coronavirus infection of man","volume":"105","author":"Callow","year":"1990","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.07.024_bib6","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine Development Enabled by Prototype Pathogen Preparedness","author":"Corbett","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.07.024_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-018-0621-2","article-title":"Immunological analysis of phase II glioblastoma dendritic cell vaccine (Audencel) trial: immune system characteristics influence outcome and Audencel up-regulates Th1-related immunovariables","volume":"6","author":"Erhart","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.07.024_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc1932","article-title":"Development of an inactivated vaccine candidate for SARS-CoV-2","volume":"369","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.07.024_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb8923","article-title":"Rapid COVID-19 vaccine development","volume":"368","author":"Graham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.07.024_bib10","article-title":"Rapid adaptation of SARS-CoV-2 in BALB\/c mice: Novel mouse model for vaccine efficacy","author":"Gu","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.07.024_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1021\/es60130a004","article-title":"Trimmed Spearman-Karber method for estimating median lethal concentrations in toxicity bioassays","volume":"11","author":"Hamilton","year":"1977","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.07.024_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor","volume":"181","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.07.024_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.07.024_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2019.1669558","article-title":"Lipid-based nanoparticle formulations for small molecules and RNA drugs","volume":"16","author":"Ickenstein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.07.024_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-020-0159-8","article-title":"The promise of mRNA vaccines: a biotech and industrial perspective","volume":"5","author":"Jackson","year":"2020","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.07.024_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-020-00751-9","article-title":"Don\u2019t rush to deploy COVID-19 vaccines and drugs without sufficient safety guarantees","volume":"579","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.07.024_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst010","article-title":"MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: improvements in performance and usability","volume":"30","author":"Katoh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.07.024_bib18","article-title":"Spike mutation pipeline reveals the emergence of a more transmissible form of SARS-CoV-2","author":"Korber","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.07.024_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2180-5","article-title":"Structure of the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain bound to the ACE2 receptor","volume":"581","author":"Lan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.07.024_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-02975-w","article-title":"Development of a chimeric Zika vaccine using a licensed live-attenuated flavivirus vaccine as backbone","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.07.024_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-019-0378-3","article-title":"Visualization of early events in mRNA vaccine delivery in non-human primates via PET-CT and near-infrared imaging","volume":"3","author":"Lindsay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.07.024_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.123158","article-title":"Anti-spike IgG causes severe acute lung injury by skewing macrophage responses during acute SARS-CoV infection","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.07.024_bib23","article-title":"Comparison of SARS-CoV-2 infections among 3 species of non-human primates","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.07.024_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2019.01.020","article-title":"mRNA as a Transformative Technology for Vaccine Development to Control Infectious Diseases","volume":"27","author":"Maruggi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.07.024_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0243-3","article-title":"Novel vaccine technologies for the 21st century","volume":"20","author":"Mascola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.07.024_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4333","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12275-6","article-title":"Linkage between endosomal escape of LNP-mRNA and loading into EVs for transport to other cells","volume":"10","author":"Maugeri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.07.024_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.04.023","article-title":"Detection of SARS-CoV-2-Specific Humoral and Cellular Immunity in COVID-19 Convalescent Individuals","author":"Ni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity 52"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.07.024_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1743767","article-title":"Establishment and validation of a pseudovirus neutralization assay for SARS-CoV-2","volume":"9","author":"Nie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.07.024_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.66.2.956-965.1992","article-title":"Monoclonal antibodies to the spike protein of feline infectious peritonitis virus mediate antibody-dependent enhancement of infection of feline macrophages","volume":"66","author":"Olsen","year":"1992","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.07.024_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2015.08.007","article-title":"Expression kinetics of nucleoside-modified mRNA delivered in lipid nanoparticles to mice by various routes","volume":"217","author":"Pardi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Control. Release"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.07.024_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2020.01.008","article-title":"Recent advances in mRNA vaccine technology","volume":"65","author":"Pardi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.07.024_bib32","article-title":"The SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain elicits a potent neutralizing response without antibody-dependent enhancement","author":"Quinlan","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.07.024_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb7314","article-title":"Comparative pathogenesis of COVID-19, MERS, and SARS in a nonhuman primate model","volume":"368","author":"Rockx","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.07.024_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdy089","article-title":"Combined immunotherapy encompassing intratumoral poly-ICLC, dendritic-cell vaccination and radiotherapy in advanced cancer patients","volume":"29","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Ruiz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.07.024_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.08.007","article-title":"Immunological Lessons from Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine Development","volume":"51","author":"Ruckwardt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.07.024_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1602","article-title":"Rational design of cationic lipids for siRNA delivery","volume":"28","author":"Semple","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.07.024_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2179-y","article-title":"Structural basis of receptor recognition by SARS-CoV-2","volume":"581","author":"Shang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.07.024_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0006108","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006108","article-title":"A thermostable messenger RNA based vaccine against rabies","volume":"11","author":"Stitz","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.07.024_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-0400-4","article-title":"Characterization of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of 2019 novel coronavirus: implication for development of RBD protein as a viral attachment inhibitor and vaccine","volume":"17","author":"Tai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.07.024_bib40","article-title":"ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination prevents SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in rhesus macaques","author":"van Doremalen","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.07.024_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.058","article-title":"Structure, Function, and Antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein","volume":"181","author":"Walls","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.07.024_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.1585","article-title":"Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China","volume":"323","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.07.024_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1310.070576","article-title":"Duration of antibody responses after severe acute respiratory syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Wu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.07.024_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2008-3","article-title":"A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China","volume":"579","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.07.024_bib45","first-page":"eabc6284","article-title":"DNA vaccine protection against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus macaques","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.07.024_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7","article-title":"A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin","volume":"579","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.07.024_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31208-3","article-title":"Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of a recombinant adenovirus type-5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine: a dose-escalation, open-label, non-randomised, first-in-human trial","volume":"395","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.07.024_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017","article-title":"A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019","volume":"382","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"N.\u00a0Engl. J. Med."}],"container-title":["Cell"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0092867420309326?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0092867420309326?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T11:45:57Z","timestamp":1758800757000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0092867420309326"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0092867420309326"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2020.07.024","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.738371652.793580540","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0092-8674"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0092-8674","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A Thermostable mRNA Vaccine against COVID-19","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Cell","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2020.07.024","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}