{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T11:58:02Z","timestamp":1791806282814,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]],"date-time":"2021-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cell.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cell"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]],"date-time":"2021-07-23T07:41:19Z","timestamp":1627026079000},"page":"4713-4733.e22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":339,"title":["Impaired local intrinsic immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection in severe COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"184","author":[{"given":"Carly G.K.","family":"Ziegler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4040-5171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent N.","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1139-8857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna H.","family":"Owings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew W.","family":"Navia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4357-2343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua D.","family":"Bromley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0809-7073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Lotfy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5418-9908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meredith","family":"Sloan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Laird","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5720-7040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haley B.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7976-5043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micayla","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0323-6137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riley S.","family":"Drake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taylor","family":"Christian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0327-8492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Parker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6313-8918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Campbell B.","family":"Sindel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Molly W.","family":"Burger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yilianys","family":"Pride","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"George E.","family":"Abraham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3960-7099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michal","family":"Senitko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanya O.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5670-8778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex K.","family":"Shalek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9899-0473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah C.","family":"Glover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce H.","family":"Horwitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5444-5601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose","family":"Ordovas-Montanes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2015432","article-title":"Pulmonary Vascular Endothelialitis, Thrombosis, and Angiogenesis in Covid-19","volume":"383","author":"Ackermann","year":"2020","journal-title":"N.\u00a0Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-9240-9_8","article-title":"Seq-Well: A sample-efficient, portable picowell platform for massively parallel single-cell RNA sequencing","volume":"1979","author":"Aicher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2081","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2008457","article-title":"Presymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infections and Transmission in a Skilled Nursing Facility","volume":"382","author":"Arons","year":"2020","journal-title":"N.\u00a0Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib4","series-title":"Single cell profiling of COVID-19 patients: An international data resource from multiple tissues.","author":"Ballestar","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.10.004","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Disrupts Splicing, Translation, and Protein Trafficking to Suppress Host Defenses","volume":"183","author":"Banerjee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2016.11.001","article-title":"Induced Quiescence of Lgr5+ Stem Cells in Intestinal Organoids Enables Differentiation of Hormone-Producing Enteroendocrine Cells","volume":"20","author":"Basak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd4585","article-title":"Autoantibodies against type I IFNs in patients with life-threatening COVID-19","volume":"370","author":"Bastard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20210554","article-title":"Preexisting autoantibodies to type I IFNs underlie critical COVID-19 pneumonia in patients with APS-1","volume":"218","author":"Bastard","year":"2021","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-020-0591-3","article-title":"Generalizing RNA velocity to transient cell states through dynamical modeling","volume":"38","author":"Bergen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/11.8.937","article-title":"PLUNC: a novel family of candidate host defence proteins expressed in the upper airways and nasopharynx","volume":"11","author":"Bingle","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.04.026","article-title":"Imbalanced Host Response to SARS-CoV-2 Drives Development of COVID-19","volume":"181","author":"Blanco-Melo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-020-00759-x","article-title":"A novel ACE2 isoform is expressed in human respiratory epithelia and is upregulated in response to interferons and RNA respiratory virus infection","volume":"53","author":"Blume","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2020-0149MA","article-title":"Flow-cytometric analysis and purification of airway epithelial-cell subsets","volume":"64","author":"Bonser","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2156","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-020-00661-1","article-title":"COVID-19 pulmonary pathology: a multi-institutional autopsy cohort from Italy and New York City","volume":"33","author":"Borczuk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb3753","article-title":"MHC class II transactivator CIITA induces cell resistance to Ebola virus and SARS-like coronaviruses","volume":"370","author":"Bruchez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.4096","article-title":"Integrating single-cell transcriptomic data across different conditions, technologies, and species","volume":"36","author":"Butler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib17","article-title":"Single-cell analysis of upper airway cells reveals host-viral dynamics in influenza infected adults","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc4776","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection protects against rechallenge in rhesus macaques","volume":"369","author":"Chandrashekar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-020-0602-4","article-title":"COVID-19 severity correlates with airway epithelium-immune cell interactions identified by single-cell analysis","volume":"38","author":"Chua","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03234-7","article-title":"Global absence and targeting of protective immune states in severe COVID-19","volume":"591","author":"Combes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-021-01364-2","article-title":"Characterizing T\u00a0cell subsets in the nasal mucosa of children with acute respiratory symptoms","author":"Cosgrove","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.10.030","article-title":"Identification of Required Host Factors for SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Human Cells","volume":"184","author":"Daniloski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03570-8","article-title":"COVID-19 tissue atlases reveal SARS-CoV-2 pathology and cellular targets","volume":"595","author":"Delorey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201911-2199OC","article-title":"A single-cell atlas of the human healthy airways","volume":"202","author":"Deprez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabb7221","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abb7221","article-title":"Human airway mast cells proliferate and acquire distinct inflammation-driven phenotypes during type 2 inflammation","volume":"6","author":"Dwyer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2168","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2609.201806","article-title":"Persistence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in Aerosol Suspensions","volume":"26","author":"Fears","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib27","series-title":"Peginterferon-lambda for the treatment of COVID-19 in outpatients.","author":"Feld","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib28","article-title":"CellBender remove-background: A deep generative model for unsupervised removal of background noise from scRNA-seq datasets","author":"Fleming","year":"2019","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00015-08","article-title":"Mechanisms of severe acute respiratory syndrome pathogenesis and innate immunomodulation","volume":"72","author":"Frieman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-020518-115759","article-title":"Human Coronavirus: Host-Pathogen Interaction","volume":"73","author":"Fung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-00840-x","article-title":"Untuned antiviral immunity in COVID-19 revealed by temporal type I\/III interferon patterns and flu comparison","volume":"22","author":"Galani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dev177428","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.177428","article-title":"Novel dynamics of human mucociliary differentiation revealed by single-cell RNA sequencing of nasal epithelial cultures","volume":"146","author":"Garc\u0131\u00e1","year":"2019","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.12.015","article-title":"COVID-19-neutralizing antibodies predict disease severity and survival","volume":"184","author":"Garcia-Beltran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.4179","article-title":"Seq-Well: portable, low-cost RNA sequencing of single cells at high throughput","volume":"14","author":"Gierahn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2811","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu393","article-title":"circlize Implements and enhances circular visualization in R","volume":"30","author":"Gu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2847","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btw313","article-title":"Complex heatmaps reveal patterns and correlations in multidimensional genomic data","volume":"32","author":"Gu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032","article-title":"Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China","volume":"382","author":"Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"N.\u00a0Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc6027","article-title":"Impaired type I interferon activity and inflammatory responses in severe COVID-19 patients","volume":"369","author":"Hadjadj","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.10.004","article-title":"Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission and Pathogenesis","volume":"41","author":"Harrison","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.01.017","article-title":"Leveraging the antiviral type I interferon system as a first line of defense against SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity","volume":"54","author":"Hoagland","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor","volume":"181","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.05.042","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Reverse Genetics Reveals a Variable Infection Gradient in the Respiratory Tract","volume":"182","author":"Hou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-00459-7","article-title":"Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19","volume":"19","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2008.211","article-title":"Systematic and integrative analysis of large gene lists using DAVID bioinformatics resources","volume":"4","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib46","series-title":"Integrated Single-Cell Atlases Reveal an Oral SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Transmission Axis.","author":"Huang","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib47","article-title":"Highly Efficient, Massively-Parallel Single-Cell RNA-Seq Reveals Cellular States and Molecular Features of Human Skin Pathology","author":"Hughes","year":"2019","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20201241","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20201241","article-title":"Mouse model of SARS-CoV-2 reveals inflammatory role of type I interferon signaling","volume":"217","author":"Israelow","year":"2020","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb.1680","article-title":"A two-pronged strategy to suppress host protein synthesis by SARS coronavirus Nsp1 protein","volume":"16","author":"Kamitani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.04.011","article-title":"The Architecture of SARS-CoV-2 Transcriptome","volume":"181","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e226","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0060226","article-title":"SARS-coronavirus replication is supported by a reticulovesicular network of modified endoplasmic reticulum","volume":"6","author":"Knoops","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.108185","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 ORF3b Is a Potent Interferon Antagonist Whose Activity Is Increased by a Naturally Occurring Elongation Variant","volume":"32","author":"Konno","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib53","article-title":"Fast gene set enrichment analysis","author":"Korotkevich","year":"2021","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.10.002","article-title":"Single-Cell Profiling of Ebola Virus Disease In\u00a0Vivo Reveals Viral and Host Dynamics","volume":"183","author":"Kotliar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2298","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01245-08","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus triggers apoptosis via protein kinase R but is resistant to its antiviral activity","volume":"83","author":"Kr\u00e4hling","year":"2009","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabe4782","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abe4782","article-title":"Severely ill COVID-19 patients display impaired exhaustion features in SARS-CoV-2-reactive CD8+ T\u00a0cells","volume":"6","author":"Kusnadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0414-6","article-title":"RNA velocity of single cells","volume":"560","author":"La Manno","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abe3261","article-title":"Phylogenetic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in Boston highlights the impact of superspreading events","volume":"371","author":"Lemieux","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02145","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus","volume":"426","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-020-0905-x","article-title":"Cumulus provides cloud-based data analysis for large-scale single-cell and single-nucleus RNA-seq","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.02.018","article-title":"Time-resolved systems immunology reveals a late juncture linked to fatal COVID-19","volume":"184","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10970","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01352-15","article-title":"Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus nsp1 Inhibits Host Gene Expression by Selectively Targeting mRNAs Transcribed in the Nucleus while Sparing mRNAs of Cytoplasmic Origin","volume":"89","author":"Lokugamage","year":"2015","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0897-1","article-title":"Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in patients with COVID-19","volume":"26","author":"Long","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8","article-title":"Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2","volume":"15","author":"Love","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2588-y","article-title":"Longitudinal analyses reveal immunological misfiring in severe COVID-19","volume":"584","author":"Lucas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e105114","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.20105114","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are predominantly expressed in a transient secretory cell type in subsegmental bronchial branches","volume":"39","author":"Lukassen","year":"2020","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.05.002","article-title":"Highly parallel genome-wide expression profiling of individual cells using nanoliter droplets","volume":"161","author":"Macosko","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc8511","article-title":"Deep immune profiling of COVID-19 patients reveals distinct immunotypes with therapeutic implications","volume":"369","author":"Mathew","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts714","article-title":"Data exploration, quality control and testing in single-cell qPCR-based gene expression experiments","volume":"29","author":"McDavid","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01174","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01174-14","article-title":"Pathogenic influenza viruses and coronaviruses utilize similar and contrasting approaches to control interferon-stimulated gene responses","volume":"5","author":"Menachery","year":"2014","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-5008","article-title":"Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: A Review of Viral, Host, and Environmental Factors","volume":"174","author":"Meyerowitz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30511-7","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of inhaled nebulised interferon beta-1a (SNG001) for treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial","volume":"9","author":"Monk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0393-7","article-title":"A revised airway epithelial hierarchy includes CFTR-expressing ionocytes","volume":"560","author":"Montoro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabe3024","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abe3024","article-title":"Distinct inflammatory profiles distinguish COVID-19 from influenza with limited contributions from cytokine storm","volume":"6","author":"Mudd","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2787-6","article-title":"Animal models for COVID-19","volume":"586","author":"Mu\u00f1oz-Fontela","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib76","article-title":"Integrated analyses of single-cell atlases reveal age, gender, and smoking status associations with cell type-specific expression of mediators of SARS-CoV-2 viral entry and highlights inflammatory programs in putative target cells","author":"Muus","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-020-00732-8","article-title":"Tissue-specific and interferon-inducible expression of nonfunctional ACE2 through endogenous retroelement co-option","volume":"52","author":"Ng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-020-00731-9","article-title":"Interferons and viruses induce a novel truncated ACE2 isoform and not the full-length SARS-CoV-2 receptor","volume":"52","author":"Onabajo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0449-8","article-title":"Allergic inflammatory memory in human respiratory epithelial progenitor cells","volume":"560","author":"Ordovas-Montanes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30113-4","article-title":"Viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in clinical samples","volume":"20","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-018-1449-6","article-title":"dropEst: pipeline for accurate estimation of molecular counts in droplet-based single-cell RNA-seq experiments","volume":"19","author":"Petukhov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0394-6","article-title":"A single-cell atlas of the airway epithelium reveals the CFTR-rich pulmonary ionocyte","volume":"560","author":"Plasschaert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib83","article-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Found","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stat. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.143784","article-title":"Plasticity in the lung: Making and breaking cell identity","volume":"144","author":"Rao Tata","year":"2017","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib85","article-title":"Single-cell longitudinal analysis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in human airway epithelium","author":"Ravindra","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3001143","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001143","article-title":"Single-cell longitudinal analysis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in human airway epithelium identifies target cells, alterations in gene expression, and cell state changes","volume":"19","author":"Ravindra","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.01.053","article-title":"COVID-19 immune features revealed by a large-scale single-cell transcriptome atlas","volume":"184","author":"Ren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4668","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06768-z","article-title":"CDC20B is required for deuterosome-mediated centriole production in multiciliated cells","volume":"9","author":"Revinski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12771","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0906850106","article-title":"Basal cells as stem cells of the mouse trachea and human airway epithelium","volume":"106","author":"Rock","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2013020","article-title":"Natural History of Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection","volume":"383","author":"Sakurai","year":"2020","journal-title":"N.\u00a0Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2607.200282","article-title":"High Contagiousness and Rapid Spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2","volume":"26","author":"Sanche","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01358-06","article-title":"A contemporary view of coronavirus transcription","volume":"81","author":"Sawicki","year":"2007","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2104","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-020-0595-z","article-title":"In situ detection of SARS-CoV-2 in lungs and airways of patients with COVID-19","volume":"33","author":"Schaefer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.12.006","article-title":"Genome-Scale Identification of SARS-CoV-2 and Pan-coronavirus Host Factor Networks","volume":"184","author":"Schneider","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.08.001","article-title":"Severe COVID-19 Is Marked by a Dysregulated Myeloid Cell Compartment","volume":"182","author":"Schulte-Schrepping","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.08.002","article-title":"Elevated Calprotectin and Abnormal Myeloid Cell Subsets Discriminate Severe from Mild COVID-19","volume":"182","author":"Silvin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3000715","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000715","article-title":"A unifying structural and functional model of the coronavirus replication organelle: Tracking down RNA synthesis","volume":"18","author":"Snijder","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabe8146","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abe8146","article-title":"Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals SARS-CoV-2 infection dynamics in lungs of African green monkeys","volume":"13","author":"Speranza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib99","series-title":"The cellular immune response to COVID-19 deciphered by single cell multi-omics across three UK centres.","author":"Stephenson","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.05.031","article-title":"Comprehensive Integration of Single-Cell Data","volume":"177","author":"Stuart","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.10.037","article-title":"Multi-Omics Resolves a Sharp Disease-State Shift between Mild and Moderate COVID-19","volume":"183","author":"Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0868-6","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 entry factors are highly expressed in nasal epithelial cells together with innate immune genes","volume":"26","author":"Sungnak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib103","series-title":"Analysis of respiratory and systemic immune responses in COVID-19 reveals mechanisms of disease pathogenesis.","author":"Szabo","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib104","series-title":"Human Nasopharyngeal Swab Processing for Viable Single-Cell Suspension.","author":"Tang","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12777","article-title":"Dedifferentiation of committed epithelial cells into stem cells in\u00a0vivo","volume":"503","author":"Tata","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib106","article-title":"Longitudinal single-cell epitope and RNA-sequencing reveals the immunological impact of type 1 interferon autoantibodies in critical COVID-19","author":"van der Wijst","year":"2021","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.07.005","article-title":"Retrospective Multicenter Cohort Study Shows Early Interferon Therapy Is Associated with Favorable Clinical Responses in COVID-19 Patients","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.03.045","article-title":"Structural and Functional Basis of SARS-CoV-2 Entry by Using Human ACE2","volume":"181","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa119","article-title":"Clinical outcome of 55 asymptomatic cases at the time of hospital admission infected with SARS-Coronavirus-2 in Shenzhen, China","volume":"221","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03631-y","article-title":"Diverse functional autoantibodies in patients with COVID-19","volume":"595","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.12.004","article-title":"Genetic Screens Identify Host Factors for SARS-CoV-2 and Common Cold Coronaviruses","volume":"184","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.10.028","article-title":"Genome-wide CRISPR Screens Reveal Host Factors Critical for SARS-CoV-2 Infection","volume":"184","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.01.042","article-title":"Tissue-specific immunity for a changing world","volume":"184","author":"Weisberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib114","series-title":"ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis","author":"Wickham","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0944-y","article-title":"A single-cell atlas of the peripheral immune response in patients with severe COVID-19","volume":"26","author":"Wilk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-019-1891-0","article-title":"Improved metagenomic analysis with Kraken 2","volume":"20","author":"Wood","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib117","series-title":"WHO R&D Blueprint novel Coronavirus COVID-19 Therapeutic Trial Synopsis","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb2507","article-title":"Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation","volume":"367","author":"Wrapp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb2762","article-title":"Structural basis for the recognition of SARS-CoV-2 by full-length human ACE2","volume":"367","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib120","article-title":"The local and systemic response to SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and adults","author":"Yoshida","year":"2021","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd4570","article-title":"Inborn errors of type I IFN immunity in patients with life-threatening COVID-19","volume":"370","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6756","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1320856111","article-title":"Interferon induction of IFITM proteins promotes infection by human coronavirus OC43","volume":"111","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3910","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17796-z","article-title":"Morphogenesis and cytopathic effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection in human airway epithelial cells","volume":"11","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.04.035","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Receptor ACE2 Is an Interferon-Stimulated\u00a0Gene in Human Airway Epithelial Cells and Is Detected in Specific Cell Subsets across Tissues","volume":"181","author":"Ziegler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.10.052","article-title":"Compromised Humoral Functional Evolution Tracks with SARS-CoV-2 Mortality","volume":"183","author":"Zohar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"}],"container-title":["Cell"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0092867421008825?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0092867421008825?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T11:57:17Z","timestamp":1758801437000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0092867421008825"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"references-count":125,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0092867421008825"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2021.02.20.431155","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0092-8674"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0092-8674","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Impaired local intrinsic immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection in severe COVID-19","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Cell","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.023","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}