{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T10:21:28Z","timestamp":1793096488803,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019018","name":"CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019018","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003395","name":"Shanghai Municipal Education Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003395","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cell.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cell"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T14:42:53Z","timestamp":1785768173000},"page":"6543-6560.e8","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Ultrarapid deep 3D histology enables intraoperative mapping of glioma infiltration"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"189","author":[{"given":"Zhijie","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingchao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minqian","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mian","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuchen","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tongqi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haixia","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minbiao","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9712-5800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lixue","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08087-4","article-title":"Tumour evolution and microenvironment interactions in 2D and 3D space","volume":"634","author":"Mo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.12.013","article-title":"Glioblastoma evolution and heterogeneity from a 3D whole-tumor perspective","volume":"187","author":"Mathur","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-23-1499","article-title":"The 3D Revolution in Cancer Discovery","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07359-3","article-title":"3D genomic mapping reveals multifocality of human pancreatic precancers","volume":"629","author":"Braxton","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1159\/000526024","article-title":"Evolutionary Changes in Pathology and Our Understanding of Disease","volume":"90","author":"Chew","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2018.03.003","article-title":"Improved Pathological Examination of Tumors with 3D Light-Sheet Microscopy","volume":"4","author":"Uhl\u00e9n","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-020-00681-x","article-title":"Harnessing non-destructive 3D pathology","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-024-02327-1","article-title":"Deep 3D histology powered by tissue clearing, omics and AI","volume":"21","author":"Ert\u00fcrk","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2019.02.010","article-title":"Intraclonal Plasticity in Mammary Tumors Revealed through Large-Scale Single-Cell Resolution 3D Imaging","volume":"35","author":"Rios","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib10","article-title":"Three-dimensional assessments are necessary to determine the true, spatially resolved composition of tissues","volume":"5","author":"Forjaz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0215(20001220)90:6<326::AID-IJC3>3.0.CO;2-J","article-title":"Prostate biopsy grading errors: A sampling problem?","volume":"90","author":"King","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-020-04608-y","article-title":"The histological representativeness of glioblastoma tissue samples","volume":"163","author":"Mikkelsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-017-0139-0","article-title":"Whole-tissue biopsy phenotyping of three-dimensional tumours reveals patterns of cancer heterogeneity","volume":"1","author":"Tanaka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.03.035","article-title":"Analysis of 3D pathology samples using weakly supervised AI","volume":"187","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-21-2843","article-title":"Prostate Cancer Risk Stratification via Nondestructive 3D Pathology with Deep Learning\u2013Assisted Gland Analysis","volume":"82","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-022-01650-9","article-title":"CODA: quantitative 3D reconstruction of large tissues at cellular resolution","volume":"19","author":"Kiemen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2018.04.002","article-title":"Immunolabeling of Cleared Human Pancreata Provides Insights into Three-Dimensional Pancreatic Anatomy and Pathology","volume":"188","author":"No\u00eb","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-021-00301-w","article-title":"Three-dimensional imaging mass cytometry for highly multiplexed molecular and cellular mapping of tissues and the tumor microenvironment","volume":"3","author":"Kuett","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-anchem-091222-092734","article-title":"Nondestructive 3D Pathology with Light-Sheet Fluorescence Microscopy for Translational Research and Clinical Assays","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Anal. Chem. (Palo Alto. Calif)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.11.021","article-title":"Spatial proteomics in three-dimensional intact specimens","volume":"185","author":"Bhatia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-017-0084","article-title":"Light-sheet microscopy for slide-free non-destructive pathology of large clinical specimens","volume":"1","author":"Glaser","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.06.010","article-title":"Whole-Body Profiling of Cancer Metastasis with Single-Cell Resolution","volume":"20","author":"Kubota","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.12.028","article-title":"Multiplexed 3D atlas of state transitions and immune interaction in colorectal cancer","volume":"186","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-023-01299-6","article-title":"Label-free biomedical optical imaging","volume":"17","author":"Shaked","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1080","article-title":"Infrared spectroscopic imaging for histopathologic recognition","volume":"23","author":"Fernandez","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E5651","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1719551115","article-title":"Simultaneous cancer and tumor microenvironment subtyping using confocal infrared microscopy for all-digital molecular histopathology","volume":"115","author":"Mittal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-anchem-101422-090956","article-title":"Digital Histopathology by Infrared Spectroscopic Imaging","volume":"16","author":"Bhargava","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Anal. Chem. (Palo Alto. Calif)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.124.069554","article-title":"Optical Spectroscopic Detection and Typing of Cardiac Amyloidosis","volume":"150","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1602168","article-title":"Fast label-free multilayered histology-like imaging of human breast cancer by photoacoustic microscopy","volume":"3","author":"Wong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ado0518","article-title":"Optical-resolution parallel ultraviolet photoacoustic microscopy for slide-free histology","volume":"10","author":"Cao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-022-00940-z","article-title":"Label-free intraoperative histology of bone tissue via deep-learning-assisted ultraviolet photoacoustic microscopy","volume":"7","author":"Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-017-0165-y","article-title":"Microscopy with ultraviolet surface excitation for rapid slide-free histology","volume":"1","author":"Fereidouni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-023-02041-4","article-title":"Artificial intelligence-enabled quantitative phase imaging methods for life sciences","volume":"20","author":"Park","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adi5794","article-title":"Noninvasive virtual biopsy using micro-registered optical coherence tomography (OCT) in human subjects","volume":"10","author":"Winetraub","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1957169","article-title":"Optical Coherence Tomography","volume":"254","author":"Huang","year":"1991","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-019-0362-y","article-title":"Virtual histological staining of unlabelled tissue-autofluorescence images via deep learning","volume":"3","author":"Rivenson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0538-0","article-title":"Biological imaging of chemical bonds by stimulated Raman scattering microscopy","volume":"16","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1165758","article-title":"Label-Free Biomedical Imaging with High Sensitivity by Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy","volume":"322","author":"Freudiger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-025-02650-1","article-title":"25 years of 3D coherent Raman imaging for biomedicine","volume":"22","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physchem.012809.103512","article-title":"Coherent Nonlinear Optical Imaging: Beyond Fluorescence Microscopy","volume":"62","author":"Min","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib41","series-title":"Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy: Techniques and Applications","author":"Ji-Xin Cheng","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1197236","article-title":"Video-Rate Molecular Imaging in Vivo with Stimulated Raman Scattering","volume":"330","author":"Saar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa8870","article-title":"Vibrational spectroscopic imaging of living systems: An emerging platform for biology and medicine","volume":"350","author":"Cheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11624","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1515121112","article-title":"Label-free DNA imaging in vivo with stimulated Raman scattering microscopy","volume":"112","author":"Lu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201ra119","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3005954","article-title":"Rapid, Label-Free Detection of Brain Tumors with Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy","volume":"5","author":"Ji","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3451","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-16-0270","article-title":"Label-Free Neurosurgical Pathology with Stimulated Raman Imaging","volume":"76","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309ra163","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aab0195","article-title":"Detection of human brain tumor infiltration with quantitative stimulated Raman scattering microscopy","volume":"7","author":"Ji","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7907","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.4c02061","article-title":"Stain-Free Histopathology with Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy","volume":"96","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-022-04071-y","article-title":"Stimulated Raman histology facilitates accurate diagnosis in neurosurgical patients: a one-to-one noninferiority study","volume":"159","author":"Einstein","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neuro-oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02252-4","article-title":"Artificial-intelligence-based molecular classification of diffuse gliomas using rapid, label-free optical imaging","volume":"29","author":"Hollon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08169-3","article-title":"Foundation models for fast, label-free detection of glioma infiltration","volume":"637","author":"Kondepudi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8658","DOI":"10.1039\/D4CC02319F","article-title":"Viewing 3D spatial biology with highly-multiplexed Raman imaging: from spectroscopy to biotechnology","volume":"60","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Commun. (Camb)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth818","article-title":"Deep tissue two-photon microscopy","volume":"2","author":"Helmchen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-019-0250-1","article-title":"Tissue clearing and its applications in neuroscience","volume":"21","author":"Ueda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.06.067","article-title":"Clarifying Tissue Clearing","volume":"162","author":"Richardson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102178","article-title":"Physical and chemical mechanisms of tissue optical clearing","volume":"24","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-021-01041-z","article-title":"Highly-multiplexed volumetric mapping with Raman dye imaging and tissue clearing","volume":"40","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6608","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1813044116","article-title":"Volumetric chemical imaging by clearing-enhanced stimulated Raman scattering microscopy","volume":"116","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11480","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1819583116","article-title":"Ultrafast optical clearing method for three-dimensional imaging with cellular resolution","volume":"116","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.442976","article-title":"F-CUBIC: a rapid optical clearing method optimized by quantitative evaluation","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib61","article-title":"MACS: Rapid Aqueous Clearing System for 3D Mapping of Intact Organs","volume":"7","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. (Weinh)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.091844","article-title":"ClearT: a detergent- and solvent-free clearing method for neuronal and non-neuronal tissue","volume":"140","author":"Kuwajima","year":"2013","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4329","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.10.004329","article-title":"Volumetric stimulated Raman scattering imaging of cleared tissues towards three-dimensional chemical histopathology","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib64","article-title":"RTF: a rapid and versatile tissue optical clearing method","volume":"8","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-022-03388-8","article-title":"Optimized single-step optical clearing solution for 3D volume imaging of biological structures","volume":"5","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4107","article-title":"ScaleS: an optical clearing palette for biological imaging","volume":"18","author":"Hama","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.10566","article-title":"A platform for brain-wide imaging and reconstruction of individual neurons","volume":"5","author":"Economo","year":"2016","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphy.2022.1037821","article-title":"FOCMS: An ultrafast optical clearing method with quantified analysis","volume":"10","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2406","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(03)74664-5","article-title":"Sphingomyelin\/phosphatidylcholine\/cholesterol phase diagram: boundaries and composition of lipid rafts","volume":"85","author":"de Almeida","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2736(77)90078-5","article-title":"On the quantitative interpretation of biomembrane structure by Raman spectroscopy","volume":"465","author":"Gaber","year":"1977","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5341","DOI":"10.1063\/1.440961","article-title":"Raman spectroscopic study of the conformational order in hexadecane solutions","volume":"74","author":"Wunder","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-023-01846-0","article-title":"Whole-body cellular mapping in mouse using standard IgG antibodies","volume":"42","author":"Mai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib73","article-title":"Microsecond fingerprint stimulated Raman spectroscopic imaging by ultrafast tuning and spatial-spectral learning","volume":"12","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2264","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)34940-3","article-title":"Use of cyclodextrins for manipulating cellular cholesterol content","volume":"38","author":"Christian","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib75","series-title":"Methods in Membrane Lipids","first-page":"91","article-title":"Cholesterol Depletion Using Methyl-\u03b2-cyclodextrin","author":"Mahammad","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-016-0027","article-title":"Rapid intraoperative histology of unprocessed surgical specimens via fibre-laser-based stimulated Raman scattering microscopy","volume":"1","author":"Orringer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0715-9","article-title":"Near real-time intraoperative brain tumor diagnosis using stimulated Raman histology and deep neural networks","volume":"26","author":"Hollon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib78","article-title":"Instant diagnosis of gastroscopic biopsy via deep-learned single-shot femtosecond stimulated Raman histology","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib79","article-title":"Virtual formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded staining of fresh brain tissue via stimulated Raman CycleGAN model","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-22-2146","article-title":"Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy Enables Gleason Scoring of Prostate Core Needle Biopsy by a Convolutional Neural Network","volume":"83","author":"Ao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib81","first-page":"6840","article-title":"Denoising diffusion probabilistic models","volume":"33","author":"Ho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib82","article-title":"Diffusion-based deep learning method for augmenting ultrastructural imaging and volume electron microscopy","volume":"15","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib83","series-title":"ACM SIGGRAPH 2022 Conference Proceedings","first-page":"1","article-title":"Palette: Image-to-Image Diffusion Models","author":"Saharia","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1430","article-title":"Nuclear structure in cancer cells","volume":"4","author":"Zink","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib85","series-title":"Diagnostic Histopathology of Tumors","author":"Fletcher","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib86","first-page":"299","article-title":"Management of glioblastoma: State of the art and future directions","volume":"70","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"CA: Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.2.JNS10998","article-title":"An extent of resection threshold for newly diagnosed glioblastomas","volume":"115","author":"Sanai","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2019.6143","article-title":"Association of Maximal Extent of Resection of Contrast-Enhanced and Non-Contrast-Enhanced Tumor With Survival Within Molecular Subgroups of Patients With Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma","volume":"6","author":"Molinaro","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/not137","article-title":"Establishing percent resection and residual volume thresholds affecting survival and recurrence for patients with newly diagnosed intracranial glioblastoma","volume":"16","author":"Chaichana","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuro. Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib90","first-page":"4","article-title":"Intra-operative frozen section consultation: concepts, applications and limitations","volume":"13","author":"Jaafar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Malays. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noaa162","article-title":"Rapid, label-free detection of diffuse glioma recurrence using intraoperative stimulated Raman histology and deep neural networks","volume":"23","author":"Hollon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuro. Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.3171\/2019.9.JNS192075","article-title":"Stimulated Raman histology for rapid and accurate intraoperative diagnosis of CNS tumors: prospective blinded study","volume":"134","author":"Eichberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5865","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.43325","article-title":"Quantitative chemical imaging of breast calcifications in association with neoplastic processes","volume":"10","author":"Shin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6223","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.1c00522","article-title":"Microcalcification-Based Tumor Malignancy Evaluation in Fresh Breast Biopsies with Hyperspectral Stimulated Raman Scattering","volume":"93","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.81784","article-title":"Histological diagnosis of unprocessed breast core-needle biopsy via stimulated Raman scattering microscopy and multi-instance learning","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.90336","article-title":"High-content stimulated Raman histology of human breast cancer","volume":"14","author":"Ni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46489-x","article-title":"Fast stimulated Raman and second harmonic generation imaging for intraoperative gastro-intestinal cancer detection","volume":"9","author":"Sarri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5378","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.10.005378","article-title":"Stimulated Raman histology: one to one comparison with standard hematoxylin and eosin staining","volume":"10","author":"Sarri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2014.01.019","article-title":"Cholesteryl Ester Accumulation Induced by PTEN Loss and PI3K\/AKT Activation Underlies Human Prostate Cancer Aggressiveness","volume":"19","author":"Yue","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15550","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.1c03861","article-title":"Label-Free Histology and Evaluation of Human Pancreatic Cancer with Coherent Nonlinear Optical Microscopy","volume":"93","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-59163-w","article-title":"Label-free multimodal optical biopsy reveals biomolecular and morphological features of diabetic kidney tissue in 2D and 3D","volume":"16","author":"Fung","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1038\/s44222-023-00096-8","article-title":"Artificial intelligence for digital and computational pathology","volume":"1","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Bioeng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-020-01033-y","article-title":"Method of the Year: spatially resolved transcriptomics","volume":"18","author":"Marx","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat5691","article-title":"Three-dimensional intact-tissue sequencing of single-cell transcriptional states","volume":"361","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06569-5","article-title":"Spatial atlas of the mouse central nervous system at molecular resolution","volume":"622","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-023-02019-9","article-title":"Inferring super-resolution tissue architecture by integrating spatial transcriptomics with histology","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-021-01712-0","article-title":"Stimulated Raman histology in the neurosurgical workflow of a major European neurosurgical center \u2014 part A","volume":"45","author":"Neidert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-024-02244-3","article-title":"Pretraining a foundation model for generalizable fluorescence microscopy-based image restoration","volume":"21","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"}],"container-title":["Cell"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S009286742600824X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S009286742600824X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T21:13:59Z","timestamp":1793049239000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S009286742600824X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":108,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S009286742600824X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026","relation":{},"ISSN":["0092-8674"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0092-8674","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Ultrarapid deep 3D histology enables intraoperative mapping of glioma infiltration","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Cell","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2026.07.026","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}