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Phenylephrine (2 \u03bcM, 2 min), an \u03b1 <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\u2010adrenoreceptor agonist, which exerts [Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>cyt<\/jats:sub>elevation from intracellular stores, affected protein synthesis rhythm in sparse cultures, i.e. initiated cooperative activity of the cells. The same effect was produced by 2,5\u2010di(tertiary\u2010butyl)\u20101,4\u2010benzohydroquinone (10 \u03bcM, 2 min), which increases [Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>cyt<\/jats:sub>by a non\u2010receptor pathway. Pretreatment of dense cultures with the intracellular calcium chelator, 1,2\u2010bis (2\u2010aminophenoxy) ethane\u2010<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2032,<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2032\u2010 tetraacetic acid (acetoxymethyl) ester (BAPTA\u2010AM) at 10\u201320 \u03bcM for, 30\u201360 min resulted in loss of the rhythm of protein synthesis, i.e. loss of cooperative activity between the cells. The medium conditioned by control dense cultures initiated rhythm in sparse cultures, whereas the conditioned medium of cultures pretreated with BAPTA\u2010AM did not. [Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>cyt<\/jats:sub>increase is known to occur with monosialoganglioside GM1 treatment. By ELISA estimation, the GM1 content in 3 h conditioned medium was similar in control dense cultures to that in cultures pretreated with BAPTA\u2010AM. Bearing in mind data on the Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\u2010dependence of vesicle formation and shedding, the conditioned medium was separated by 150,000 <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic> centrifugation to supernatant containing monomers and micelles, and a pellet containing vesicular form of gangliosides. Only the latter initiated cooperative activity of the cells of sparse cultures. These cultures were also synchronized by GM1\u2010containing liposomes at lower concentrations than added free GM1, 0.0003 and 0.06 \u03bcM respectively. Thus, GM1 and calcium are both involved in cell\u2014cell synchronization. Activation of gangliosides, including GM1 and elevation of [Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>cyt<\/jats:sub>, is known to lead to changes of protein kinase activity and protein phosphorylation resulting in modulation of oscillations in protein metabolism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellbi.2003.07.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,10,27]],"date-time":"2003-10-27T22:32:01Z","timestamp":1067293921000},"page":"965-976","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Calcium ions as a factor of cell\u2014cell cooperation in hepatocyte cultures"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Vsevolod Y.","family":"Brodsky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalia D.","family":"Zvezdina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalia 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