{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T16:44:04Z","timestamp":1781196244526,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1-2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,1]],"date-time":"2014-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1409529600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,1]],"date-time":"2014-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1409529600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cellular Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,10]],"date-time":"2014-07-10T20:47:13Z","timestamp":1405025233000},"page":"49-57","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["The plasticity of inflammatory monocyte responses to the inflamed central nervous system"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"291","author":[{"given":"Thomas Myles","family":"Ashhurst","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caryn van","family":"Vreden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Niewold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas Jonathan Cole","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1194637","article-title":"Fate mapping analysis reveals that adult microglia derive from primitive macrophages","volume":"330","author":"Ginhoux","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.12.001","article-title":"Fate mapping reveals origins and dynamics of monocytes and tissue macrophages under homeostasis","volume":"38","author":"Yona","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4410","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.7.4410","article-title":"Subpopulations of mouse blood monocytes differ in maturation stage and inflammatory response","volume":"172","author":"Sunderkotter","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(03)00174-2","article-title":"Blood monocytes consist of two principal subsets with distinct migratory properties","volume":"19","author":"Geissmann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3070","article-title":"Monocyte recruitment during infection and inflammation","volume":"11","author":"Shi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1117729","article-title":"A clonogenic bone marrow progenitor specific for macrophages and dendritic cells","volume":"311","author":"Fogg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0035","first-page":"1","article-title":"Origin of monocytes and macrophages in a committed progenitor","author":"Hettinger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1142883","article-title":"Monitoring of blood vessels and tissues by a population of monocytes with patrolling behavior","volume":"317","author":"Auffray","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2382","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1002682","article-title":"Accelerated dendritic cell differentiation from migrating Ly6C(lo) bone marrow monocytes in early dermal West Nile virus infection","volume":"186","author":"Davison","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2319","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20080421","article-title":"Ly6c+ \u201cinflammatory monocytes\u201d are microglial precursors recruited in a pathogenic manner in West Nile virus encephalitis","volume":"205","author":"Getts","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1038\/nn2015","article-title":"Microglia in the adult brain arise from Ly-6ChiCCR2+ monocytes only under defined host conditions","volume":"10","author":"Mildner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.02.012","article-title":"Recruitment of beneficial M2 macrophages to injured spinal cord is orchestrated by remote brain choroid plexus","volume":"38","author":"Shechter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3062","article-title":"Inflammatory modulation of HSCs: viewing the HSC as a foundation for the immune response","volume":"11","author":"King","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1309","article-title":"Monocyte emigration from bone marrow during bacterial infection requires signals mediated by chemokine receptor CCR2","volume":"7","author":"Serbina","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2012.05.002","article-title":"Dissecting negative regulation of Toll-like receptor signaling","volume":"33","author":"Kondo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0900460","article-title":"MyD88 and Type I interferon receptor-mediated chemokine induction and monocyte recruitment during Listeria monocytogenes infection","volume":"183","author":"Jia","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001304","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001304","article-title":"Type I interferon signaling regulates Ly6C(hi) monocytes and neutrophils during acute viral pneumonia in mice","volume":"7","author":"Seo","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09135","article-title":"Quiescent haematopoietic stem cells are activated by IFN-gamma in response to chronic infection","volume":"465","author":"Baldridge","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07815","article-title":"IFNalpha activates dormant haematopoietic stem cells in vivo","volume":"458","author":"Essers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3190","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-07-168575","article-title":"Circulating Ly-6C+ myeloid precursors migrate to the CNS and play a pathogenic role during autoimmune demyelinating disease","volume":"113","author":"King","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-9-246","article-title":"Targeted blockade in lethal West Nile virus encephalitis indicates a crucial role for very late antigen (VLA)-4-dependent recruitment of nitric oxide-producing macrophages","volume":"9","author":"Getts","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1430","article-title":"CNS myeloid DCs presenting endogenous myelin peptides \u2018preferentially\u2019 polarize CD4+ T(H)-17 cells in relapsing EAE","volume":"8","author":"Bailey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0115","article-title":"Role of pathogens in multiple sclerosis","author":"Libbey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.02.016","article-title":"Bone marrow mesenchymal stem and progenitor cells induce monocyte emigration in response to circulating toll-like receptor ligands","volume":"34","author":"Shi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.3390\/v5030834","article-title":"Antiviral type I and type III interferon responses in the central nervous system","volume":"5","author":"Sorgeloos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1141","article-title":"Plasmacytoid dendritic cells in immunity","volume":"5","author":"Colonna","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2007.04798.x","article-title":"Role of IFN-gamma in an experimental murine model of West Nile virus-induced seizures","volume":"103","author":"Getts","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI41911","article-title":"Trafficking of immune cells in the central nervous system","volume":"120","author":"Wilson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-9-171","article-title":"The CCL2 synthesis inhibitor bindarit targets cells of the neurovascular unit, and suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"9","author":"Ge","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6846","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.10.6846","article-title":"Additive roles for MCP-1 and MCP-3 in CCR2-mediated recruitment of inflammatory monocytes during Listeria monocytogenes infection","volume":"180","author":"Jia","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20042530","article-title":"Chemokine receptor CCR5 promotes leukocyte trafficking to the brain and survival in West Nile virus infection","volume":"202","author":"Glass","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)63017-9","article-title":"CCR1+\/CCR5+ mononuclear phagocytes accumulate in the central nervous system of patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"159","author":"Trebst","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/63.3.262","article-title":"Expression of chemokine receptors CCR1 and CCR5 reflects differential activation of mononuclear phagocytes in pattern II and pattern III multiple sclerosis lesions","volume":"63","author":"Mahad","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480702","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/480702","article-title":"Elevated expression of fractalkine (CX3CL1) and fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1) in the dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: implications in multiple sclerosis-induced neuropathic pain","volume":"2013","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI28549","article-title":"Monocyte subsets differentially employ CCR2, CCR5, and CX3CR1 to accumulate within atherosclerotic plaques","volume":"117","author":"Tacke","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.181.6.2259","article-title":"L-selectin-deficient mice have impaired leukocyte recruitment into inflammatory sites","volume":"181","author":"Tedder","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3126","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-07-100610","article-title":"Monocyte migration to inflamed skin and lymph nodes is differentially controlled by L-selectin and PSGL-1","volume":"111","author":"Leon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.05.011","article-title":"Kinetics of proinflammatory monocytes in a model of multiple sclerosis and its perturbation by laquinimod","volume":"181","author":"Mishra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0195","series-title":"The Flaviviruses: Pathogenesis and Immunity","first-page":"121","article-title":"Immune modulation by flaviviruses","author":"King","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0200","article-title":"Ifit2 deficiency results in uncontrolled neurotropic coronavirus replication and enhanced encephalitis via impaired IFNalpha\/beta induction in macrophages","author":"Butchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07591","article-title":"Myelomonocytic cell recruitment causes fatal CNS vascular injury during acute viral meningitis","volume":"457","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1038\/srep00545","article-title":"Hippocampal protection in mice with an attenuated inflammatory monocyte response to acute CNS picornavirus infection","volume":"2","author":"Howe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0215","first-page":"623","article-title":"CCL2 transgene expression in the central nervous system directs diffuse infiltration of CD45(high)CD11b(+) monocytes and enhanced Theiler\u2019s murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelinating disease","volume":"9","author":"Bennett","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2013.0004","article-title":"IFNgamma influences type I interferon response and susceptibility to Theiler\u2019s virus-induced demyelinating disease","volume":"26","author":"Bowen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Viral Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/64.6.506","article-title":"Visualization of Central European tick-borne encephalitis infection in fatal human cases","volume":"64","author":"Gelpi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280600848746","article-title":"Inflammatory response in human tick-borne encephalitis: analysis of postmortem brain tissue","volume":"12","author":"Gelpi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02747-12","article-title":"Infiltrating macrophages are key to the development of seizures following virus infection","volume":"87","author":"Cusick","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2007.00098.x","article-title":"Maturation and localization of macrophages and microglia during infection with a neurotropic murine coronavirus","volume":"18","author":"Templeton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3063","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI62636","article-title":"Modulating inflammatory monocytes with a unique microRNA gene signature ameliorates murine ALS","volume":"122","author":"Butovsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5228","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.8.5228","article-title":"CD11b+Ly-6C(hi) suppressive monocytes in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"179","author":"Zhu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1202","article-title":"Epitope spreading initiates in the CNS in two mouse models of multiple sclerosis","volume":"11","author":"McMahon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3007563","article-title":"Therapeutic inflammatory monocyte modulation using immune-modifying microparticles","volume":"6","author":"Getts","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3019","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.5.3019","article-title":"Blood monocyte subsets differentially give rise to CD103+ and CD103\u2212 pulmonary dendritic cell populations","volume":"180","author":"Jakubzick","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5388.480","article-title":"Differentiation of monocytes into dendritic cells in a model of transendothelial trafficking","volume":"282","author":"Randolph","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.3109\/10428199409056287","article-title":"Endogenous production and peripheral blood levels of granulocyte\u2013macrophage (GM-) and granulocyte (G-) colony-stimulating factors","volume":"13","author":"Sallerfors","year":"1994","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevImmunol.v25.i5.50","article-title":"Functions of granulocyte\u2013macrophage colony-stimulating factor","volume":"25","author":"Fleetwood","year":"2005","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0506304","article-title":"Transgenic expression of CSF-1 in CSF-1 receptor-expressing cells leads to macrophage activation, osteoporosis, and early death","volume":"80","author":"Wei","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2008.07.017","article-title":"GM-CSF in the generation of dendritic cells from human blood monocyte precursors: recent advances","volume":"213","author":"Conti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1203201","article-title":"Th17 cells induce Th1-polarizing monocyte-derived dendritic cells","volume":"191","author":"Davidson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2567.1996.d01-707.x","article-title":"Granulocyte\u2013macrophage colony-stimulating factor down-regulates CD14 expression on monocytes","volume":"89","author":"Kruger","year":"1996","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830201103","article-title":"Interleukin 4 down-regulates the expression of CD14 in normal human monocytes","volume":"20","author":"Lauener","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.179.4.1109","article-title":"Efficient presentation of soluble antigen by cultured human dendritic cells is maintained by granulocyte\/macrophage colony-stimulating factor plus interleukin 4 and downregulated by tumor necrosis factor alpha","volume":"179","author":"Sallusto","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0315","first-page":"25","article-title":"In-vitro differentiation of mature dendritic cells from human blood monocytes","volume":"6","author":"Gieseler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4029","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V88.10.4029.bloodjournal88104029","article-title":"Generation of CD1+RelB+ dendritic cells and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive osteoclast-like multinucleated giant cells from human monocytes","volume":"88","author":"Akagawa","year":"1996","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2005.05.013","article-title":"Monocyte-derived dendritic cells","volume":"17","author":"Leon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Semin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830270213","article-title":"Differentiation of human dendritic cells from monocytes in vitro","volume":"27","author":"Chapuis","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20101387","article-title":"Inflammation switches the differentiation program of Ly6Chi monocytes from antiinflammatory macrophages to inflammatory dendritic cells in the colon","volume":"209","author":"Rivollier","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5245","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.8.5245","article-title":"Granulocyte\u2013macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF) and macrophage CSF-dependent macrophage phenotypes display differences in cytokine profiles and transcription factor activities: implications for CSF blockade in inflammation","volume":"178","author":"Fleetwood","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4587","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.160.9.4587","article-title":"Dendritic cells as the terminal stage of monocyte differentiation","volume":"160","author":"Palucka","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-04-1164","article-title":"Interferon-gamma switches monocyte differentiation from dendritic cells to macrophages","volume":"101","author":"Delneste","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.03.027","article-title":"GM-CSF controls nonlymphoid tissue dendritic cell homeostasis but is dispensable for the differentiation of inflammatory dendritic cells","volume":"36","author":"Greter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1307","article-title":"Langerhans cells arise from monocytes in vivo","volume":"7","author":"Ginhoux","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1038\/82763","article-title":"IL-6 switches the differentiation of monocytes from dendritic cells to macrophages","volume":"1","author":"Chomarat","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-10-86","article-title":"Diverse activation of microglia by chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 overexpression in brain","volume":"10","author":"Selenica","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2013.08.003","article-title":"Th1 immune response takeover among patients with severe Japanese encephalitis infection","volume":"263","author":"Pujhari","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20474","article-title":"Proinflammatory mediators released by activated microglia induces neuronal death in Japanese encephalitis","volume":"55","author":"Ghoshal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6417","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.9.6417","article-title":"Prolonged microglial cell activation and lymphocyte infiltration following experimental herpes encephalitis","volume":"181","author":"Marques","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.013565-0","article-title":"Glial activation involvement in neuronal death by Japanese encephalitis virus infection","volume":"91","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21761","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021761","article-title":"RIG-I mediates innate immune response in mouse neurons following Japanese encephalitis virus infection","volume":"6","author":"Nazmi","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02094-13","article-title":"The bacteriostatic protein lipocalin 2 is induced in the central nervous system of mice with West Nile virus encephalitis","volume":"88","author":"Nocon","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm295","article-title":"The blood\u2013brain barrier induces differentiation of migrating monocytes into Th17-polarizing dendritic cells","volume":"131","author":"Ifergan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-83-4-747","article-title":"Differentiation of monocytes to macrophages induced by influenza virus-infected apoptotic cells","volume":"83","author":"Uchide","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2976","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.5.2976","article-title":"Caspase-8 serves both apoptotic and nonapoptotic roles","volume":"173","author":"Kang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4446","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-06-1778","article-title":"Specific involvement of caspases in the differentiation of monocytes into macrophages","volume":"100","author":"Sordet","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10714","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.07129-11","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus stimulates monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation via the temporal regulation of caspase 3","volume":"86","author":"Chan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2013.04.006","article-title":"ER stress induced impaired TLR signaling and macrophage differentiation of human monocytes","volume":"282","author":"Komura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0435","article-title":"IL-1beta triggers the differentiation of macrophages with enhanced capacity to present mycobacterial antigen to T cells","author":"Schenk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1246","article-title":"TLR activation triggers the rapid differentiation of monocytes into macrophages and dendritic cells","volume":"11","author":"Krutzik","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12125","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01026-10","article-title":"The innate immune adaptor molecule MyD88 restricts West Nile virus replication and spread in neurons of the central nervous system","volume":"84","author":"Szretter","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8262","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00226-08","article-title":"West Nile virus nonstructural protein 1 inhibits TLR3 signal transduction","volume":"82","author":"Wilson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2011.08.010","article-title":"Targeting Toll-like receptors: emerging therapeutics for multiple sclerosis management","volume":"239","author":"Gambuzza","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e58808","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058808","article-title":"1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 suppresses TLR8 expression and TLR8-mediated inflammatory responses in monocytes in vitro and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in vivo","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3515","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0712381105","article-title":"Interleukin-32 induces the differentiation of monocytes into macrophage-like cells","volume":"105","author":"Netea","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2650","article-title":"NOD2 triggers an interleukin-32-dependent human dendritic cell program in leprosy","volume":"18","author":"Schenk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3435","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.01805-08","article-title":"Differential regulation of human interferon A gene expression by interferon regulatory factors 3 and 7","volume":"29","author":"Genin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.19.1.623","article-title":"IRF family of transcription factors as regulators of host defense","volume":"19","author":"Taniguchi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8465","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00918-08","article-title":"Interferon regulatory factor IRF-7 induces the antiviral alpha interferon response and protects against lethal West Nile virus infection","volume":"82","author":"Daffis","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7514","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.12.7514-7527.2005","article-title":"Differential regulation of interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-7 and IRF-9 gene expression in the central nervous system during viral infection","volume":"79","author":"Ousman","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2013.10.003","article-title":"IRF3 helps control acute TMEV infection through IL-6 expression but contributes to acute hippocampus damage following TMEV infection","volume":"178","author":"Moore","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7835","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0602460103","article-title":"Neurons produce type I interferon during viral encephalitis","volume":"103","author":"Delhaye","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-8-181","article-title":"Interferon regulatory factor-7 modulates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice","volume":"8","author":"Salem","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-05-1327","article-title":"ICSBP\/IRF-8 retrovirus transduction rescues dendritic cell development in vitro","volume":"101","author":"Tsujimura","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20021263","article-title":"ICSBP is essential for the development of mouse type I interferon-producing cells and for the generation and activation of CD8alpha(+) dendritic cells","volume":"196","author":"Schiavoni","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-04-1088","article-title":"Essential role for ICSBP in the in vivo development of murine CD8alpha + dendritic cells","volume":"101","author":"Aliberti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e49851","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0049851","article-title":"IFN regulatory factor 8 is a key constitutive determinant of the morphological and molecular properties of microglia in the CNS","volume":"7","author":"Minten","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)00016-9","article-title":"ICSBP directs bipotential myeloid progenitor cells to differentiate into mature macrophages","volume":"13","author":"Tamura","year":"2000","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45491","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C100421200","article-title":"Monocyte differentiation to macrophage requires interferon regulatory factor 7","volume":"276","author":"Lu","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1000918","article-title":"Critical role of IRF-8 in negative regulation of TLR3 expression by Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-2 activity in human myeloid dendritic cells","volume":"186","author":"Fragale","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6570","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.10.6570","article-title":"Differential expression of IFN regulatory factor 4 gene in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells and macrophages","volume":"175","author":"Lehtonen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0205090","article-title":"IRF-4 expression in the human myeloid lineage: up-regulation during dendritic cell differentiation and inhibition by 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3","volume":"77","author":"Gauzzi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2484","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-02-076364","article-title":"Natural killer cells trigger differentiation of monocytes into dendritic cells","volume":"110","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.182.2.1107","article-title":"IL-10 dampens TNF\/inducible nitric oxide synthase-producing dendritic cell-mediated pathogenicity during parasitic infection","volume":"182","author":"Guilliams","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.03.026","article-title":"NK cell-derived interferon-gamma orchestrates cellular dynamics and the differentiation of monocytes into dendritic cells at the site of infection","volume":"36","author":"Goldszmid","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003706","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003706","article-title":"CXCR3-dependent CD4(+) T cells are required to activate inflammatory monocytes for defense against intestinal infection","volume":"9","author":"Cohen","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2774","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.5.2774","article-title":"CXCR3 signaling reduces the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by controlling the parenchymal distribution of effector and regulatory T cells in the central nervous system","volume":"179","author":"Muller","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2418","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1100403","article-title":"Plasticity of Ly-6C(hi) myeloid cells in T cell regulation","volume":"187","author":"Zhu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20011786","article-title":"Functionally distinct subsets of CD1d-restricted natural killer T cells revealed by CD1d tetramer staining","volume":"195","author":"Gumperz","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1206718","article-title":"NKT cells direct monocytes into a DC differentiation pathway","volume":"81","author":"Hegde","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002_b0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1103608","article-title":"Activation of invariant NKT cells in early phase of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis results in differentiation of Ly6Chi inflammatory monocyte to M2 macrophages and improved outcome","volume":"189","author":"Denney","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Cellular Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0008874914001117?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0008874914001117?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]],"date-time":"2025-09-13T22:51:21Z","timestamp":1757803881000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0008874914001117"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]},"references-count":119,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0008874914001117"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["0008-8749"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0008-8749","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The plasticity of inflammatory monocyte responses to the inflamed central nervous system","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Cellular Immunology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.07.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}