{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T19:16:54Z","timestamp":1784920614063,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]],"date-time":"2020-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583020800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]],"date-time":"2020-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583020800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,8]],"date-time":"2020-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581120000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007319","name":"Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007319","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006447","name":"Universit\u00e4t Z\u00fcrich","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006447","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cell.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cell Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,3]],"date-time":"2020-03-03T11:53:40Z","timestamp":1583236420000},"page":"3004-3019.e5","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["Microglial Homeostasis Requires Balanced CSF-1\/CSF-2 Receptor Signaling"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Violeta","family":"Chitu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Biundo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel G.L.","family":"Shlager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eun S.","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria E.","family":"Gulinello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u015e\u00f6len","family":"Gokhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harmony C.","family":"Ketchum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kusumika","family":"Saha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"DeTure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis W.","family":"Dickson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zbignew K.","family":"Wszolek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deyou","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew L.","family":"Croxford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Burkhard","family":"Becher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daqian","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark F.","family":"Mehler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. Richard","family":"Stanley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3453","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI87828","article-title":"Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor induces CCL17 production via IRF4 to mediate inflammation","volume":"126","author":"Achuthan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2714","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2016.77","article-title":"Amygdala-Dependent Molecular Mechanisms of the Tac2 Pathway in Fear Learning","volume":"41","author":"Andero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3279","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V82.11.3279.3279","article-title":"Identification and characterization of a high-affinity granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor on primary rat oligodendrocytes","volume":"82","author":"Baldwin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1738","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1525528113","article-title":"New tools for studying microglia in the mouse and human CNS","volume":"113","author":"Bennett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-02-0538","article-title":"Synthesis of glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) by macrophages: an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive mechanism shared by glucocorticoids and IL-10","volume":"101","author":"Berrebi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11923","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.7389","article-title":"Deletion of the \u03b3-secretase subunits Aph1B\/C impairs memory and worsens the deficits of knock-in mice modeling the Alzheimer-like familial Danish dementia","volume":"7","author":"Biundo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3519","article-title":"Near-optimal probabilistic RNA-seq quantification","volume":"34","author":"Bray","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3599","article-title":"Identification of a unique TGF-\u03b2-dependent molecular and functional signature in microglia","volume":"17","author":"Butovsky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2014.12.001","article-title":"Phenotypic characterization of a Csf1r haploinsufficient mouse model of adult-onset leukodystrophy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia (ALSP)","volume":"74","author":"Chitu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2016.03.005","article-title":"Emerging Roles for CSF-1 Receptor and its Ligands in the Nervous System","volume":"39","author":"Chitu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.08.010","article-title":"The Cytokine GM-CSF Drives the Inflammatory Signature of CCR2+ Monocytes and Licenses Autoimmunity","volume":"43","author":"Croxford","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V99.1.111","article-title":"Targeted disruption of the mouse colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor gene results in osteopetrosis, mononuclear phagocyte deficiency, increased primitive progenitor cell frequencies, and reproductive defects","volume":"99","author":"Dai","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(78)90070-7","article-title":"Intranasal trigeminal stimulation from odorous volatiles: psychometric responses from anosmic and normal humans","volume":"20","author":"Doty","year":"1978","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8171324","article-title":"Involvement of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in pulmonary homeostasis","volume":"264","author":"Dranoff","year":"1994","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-4328(88)90157-X","article-title":"A new one-trial test for neurobiological studies of memory in rats. 1: Behavioral data","volume":"31","author":"Ennaceur","year":"1988","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(93)90180-7","article-title":"Functional dichotomy of mouse microglia developed in\u00a0vitro: differential effects of macrophage and granulocyte\/macrophage colony-stimulating factor on cytokine secretion and antitoxoplasmic activity","volume":"45","author":"Fischer","year":"1993","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1038\/gene.2013.33","article-title":"Anti-MOG antibodies are under polygenic regulation with the most significant control coming from the C-type lectin-like gene locus","volume":"14","author":"Flytzani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genes Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.12.066","article-title":"Diverse Brain Myeloid Expression Profiles Reveal Distinct Microglial Activation States and Aspects of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Not Evident in Mouse Models","volume":"22","author":"Friedman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2014.124","article-title":"CD244 is expressed on dendritic cells and regulates their functions","volume":"93","author":"Georgoudaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3531","article-title":"A new type of microglia gene targeting shows TAK1 to be pivotal in CNS autoimmune inflammation","volume":"16","author":"Goldmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25085","article-title":"Microglial dysfunction as a key pathological change in adrenomyeloneuropathy","volume":"82","author":"Gong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00249","article-title":"Microglia Versus Myeloid Cell Nomenclature during Brain Inflammation","volume":"6","author":"Greter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2008.06.016","article-title":"Early deficits in motor coordination and cognitive dysfunction in a mouse model of the neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorder, Sandhoff disease","volume":"193","author":"Gulinello","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"issue":"39","key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib24","first-page":"1787","article-title":"A simple composite phenotype scoring system for evaluating mouse models of cerebellar ataxia","author":"Guyenet","year":"2010","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Vis. Exp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.02-0899fje","article-title":"Identification of two additional members of the membrane-bound dipeptidase family","volume":"17","author":"Habib","year":"2003","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-017-1747-1","article-title":"Microglia contribute to normal myelinogenesis and to oligodendrocyte progenitor maintenance during adulthood","volume":"134","author":"Hagemeyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3858","article-title":"Novel mechanisms and functions of complement","volume":"18","author":"Hajishengallis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-012-0942-3","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinase-12 deficiency ameliorates the clinical course and demyelination in Theiler\u2019s murine encephalomyelitis","volume":"124","author":"Hansmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45494","DOI":"10.1038\/srep45494","article-title":"Connecting myelin-related and synaptic dysfunction in schizophrenia with SNP-rich gene expression hubs","volume":"7","author":"Hegyi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2018.03.003","article-title":"Natural products as modulators of the nuclear receptors and metabolic sensors LXR, FXR and RXR","volume":"36","author":"Hiebl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6057","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1403207","article-title":"Glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper: a critical factor in macrophage endotoxin tolerance","volume":"194","author":"Hoppst\u00e4dter","year":"2015","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aal3535","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effect of IL-10 mediated by metabolic reprogramming of macrophages","volume":"356","author":"Ip","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13129","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13129","article-title":"25-hydroxycholesterol contributes to cerebral inflammation of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy through activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome","volume":"7","author":"Jang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2013.11.026","article-title":"Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 knockdown exacerbates aging-related neuroinflammation and cognitive deficiency in senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 mice","volume":"35","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.05.018","article-title":"A Unique Microglia Type Associated with Restricting Development of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"169","author":"Keren-Shaul","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5426","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1402006","article-title":"Endoplasmic Protein Nogo-B (RTN4-B) Interacts with GRAMD4 and Regulates TLR9-Mediated Innate Immune Responses","volume":"194","author":"Kimura","year":"2015","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000046","article-title":"Haploinsufficiency of CSF-1R and clinicopathologic characterization in patients with HDLS","volume":"82","author":"Konno","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006642","article-title":"CSF1R-related leukoencephalopathy: A major player in primary microgliopathies","volume":"91","author":"Konno","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2018.07.002","article-title":"Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor as a mediator of autoimmunity in multiple sclerosis","volume":"323","author":"Kostic","year":"2018","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.08.008","article-title":"The TREM2-APOE Pathway Drives the Transcriptional Phenotype of Dysfunctional Microglia in Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"47","author":"Krasemann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8259","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0911446107","article-title":"Esophageal cancer-related gene 4 is a secreted inducer of cell senescence expressed by aged CNS precursor cells","volume":"107","author":"Kujuro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.5.2253","article-title":"Shaping gene expression in activated and resting primary macrophages by IL-10","volume":"169","author":"Lang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26217","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M803287200","article-title":"Early mitochondrial dysfunction in long-lived Mclk1+\/- mice","volume":"283","author":"Lapointe","year":"2008","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.440120407","article-title":"GM-CSF promotes proliferation of human fetal and adult microglia in primary cultures","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"1994","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2015.03.021","article-title":"An optimized method to process mouse CNS to simultaneously analyze neural cells and leukocytes by flow cytometry","volume":"247","author":"Legroux","year":"2015","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-9966-29-89","article-title":"Overexpression of candidate tumor suppressor ECRG4 inhibits glioma proliferation and invasion","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib47","first-page":"665","article-title":"Hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with spheroids: ultrastructural and immunoelectron microscopic studies","volume":"3","author":"Lin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23563","article-title":"TREM2 triggers microglial density and age-related neuronal loss","volume":"67","author":"Linnartz-Gerlach","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M080440","article-title":"25-Hydroxycholesterol activates the expression of cholesterol 25-hydroxylase in an LXR-dependent mechanism","volume":"59","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Lipid Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-016-0763-8","article-title":"Balancing the immune response in the brain: IL-10 and its regulation","volume":"13","author":"Lobo-Silva","year":"2016","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8","article-title":"Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2","volume":"15","author":"Love","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.22567","article-title":"Microglial cystatin F expression is a sensitive indicator for ongoing demyelination with concurrent remyelination","volume":"89","author":"Ma","year":"2011","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.09.039","article-title":"Temporal Tracking of Microglia Activation in Neurodegeneration at Single-Cell Resolution","volume":"21","author":"Mathys","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1100421","article-title":"The fractalkine receptor but not CCR2 is present on microglia from embryonic development throughout adulthood","volume":"188","author":"Mizutani","year":"2012","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci6020018","article-title":"Neuroimmunology of the Interleukins 13 and 4","volume":"6","author":"Mori","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1242547","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2016.1242547","article-title":"Ecrg4 contributes to the anti-glioma immunosurveillance through type-I interferon signaling","volume":"5","author":"Moriguchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"OncoImmunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1007\/s00335-015-9583-x","article-title":"Creating reference gene annotation for the mouse C57BL6\/J genome assembly","volume":"26","author":"Mudge","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mamm. Genome"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1159\/000452256","article-title":"From Common to Rare Variants: The Genetic Component of Alzheimer Disease","volume":"81","author":"Nicolas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Hered."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib59","first-page":"56","article-title":"Divergent Neuroinflammatory Regulation of Microglial TREM Expression and Involvement of NF-\u03baB","volume":"11","author":"Owens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-016-2038-y","article-title":"Regulation of gene expression in the bovine blastocyst by colony stimulating factor 2","volume":"9","author":"Ozawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Res. Notes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib61","unstructured":"Peters, A., and Folger Sethares, C. The Fine Structure of the Aging Brain. http:\/\/www.bu.edu\/agingbrain."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI77983","article-title":"TREM2 sustains microglial expansion during aging and response to demyelination","volume":"125","author":"Poliani","year":"2015","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib63","first-page":"327","article-title":"Behavioral despair in mice: a primary screening test for antidepressants","volume":"229","author":"Porsolt","year":"1977","journal-title":"Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1038\/266730a0","article-title":"Depression: a new animal model sensitive to antidepressant treatments","volume":"266","author":"Porsolt","year":"1977","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3035","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI25681","article-title":"GM-CSF action in the CNS decreases food intake and body weight","volume":"115","author":"Reed","year":"2005","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.10.006","article-title":"Tissue-Resident Macrophages Are Locally Programmed for Silent Clearance of Apoptotic Cells","volume":"47","author":"Roberts","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37116","DOI":"10.1038\/srep37116","article-title":"Assessment of brain reference genes for RT-qPCR studies in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"6","author":"Rydbirk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13693","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013693","article-title":"Selective chemokine receptor usage by central nervous system myeloid cells in CCR2-red fluorescent protein knock-in mice","volume":"5","author":"Saederup","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4325","article-title":"Age-related myelin degradation burdens the clearance function of microglia during aging","volume":"19","author":"Safaiyan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jcbfm.9600496","article-title":"A neuroprotective function for the hematopoietic protein granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF)","volume":"28","author":"Sch\u00e4bitz","year":"2008","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2019","article-title":"Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis","volume":"9","author":"Schindelin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.21110","article-title":"Osteopontin: correlation with phagocytosis by brain macrophages in a rat model of stroke","volume":"59","author":"Shin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.06.025","article-title":"Lymphocyte-mediated neuroprotection in in\u00a0vitro models of excitotoxicity involves astrocytic activation and the inhibition of MAP kinase signalling pathways","volume":"76","author":"Shrestha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.490350504","article-title":"Phagocytosis of myelin by microglia in\u00a0vitro","volume":"35","author":"Smith","year":"1993","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.01.007","article-title":"Dysregulation of the Cytokine GM-CSF Induces Spontaneous Phagocyte Invasion and Immunopathology in the Central Nervous System","volume":"46","author":"Spath","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-061010-113810","article-title":"The complement system: an unexpected role in synaptic pruning during development and disease","volume":"35","author":"Stephan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20151853","article-title":"GM-CSF primes cardiac inflammation in a mouse model of Kawasaki disease","volume":"213","author":"Stock","year":"2016","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R91","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2007-8-5-r91","article-title":"Gene expression variation in Down\u2019s syndrome mice allows prioritization of candidate genes","volume":"8","author":"Sultan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24754","article-title":"Characteristic microglial features in patients with hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with spheroids","volume":"80","author":"Tada","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0404.2001.103003166.x","article-title":"Local and systemic GM-CSF increase in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and vascular dementia","volume":"103","author":"Tarkowski","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2017.06.128","article-title":"Apolipoprotein O expression in mouse liver enhances hepatic lipid accumulation by impairing mitochondrial function","volume":"491","author":"Tian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1111\/gtc.12402","article-title":"PKC\u03b7 deficiency improves lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice","volume":"21","author":"Torisu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genes Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI74668","article-title":"Apolipoprotein O is mitochondrial and promotes lipotoxicity in heart","volume":"124","author":"Turkieh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.07.023","article-title":"TREM2 Maintains Microglial Metabolic Fitness in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"170","author":"Ulland","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2012.05.001","article-title":"PPARs at the crossroads of lipid signaling and inflammation","volume":"23","author":"Wahli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-017-0124-1","article-title":"CRISPR\/Cas9-mediated heterozygous knockout of the autism gene CHD8 and characterization of its transcriptional networks in cerebral organoids derived from iPS cells","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Autism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13140","article-title":"Mechanisms and roles of mitophagy in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.10120","article-title":"The relative number of macrophages\/microglia expressing macrophage colony-stimulating factor and its receptor decreases in multiple sclerosis lesions","volume":"40","author":"Werner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Glia"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib89","first-page":"949","article-title":"Olfactory behavioral testing in the adult mouse","author":"Witt","year":"2009","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Vis. Exp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2212","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.13494","article-title":"Thrombomodulin-dependent protein C activation is required for mitochondrial function and myelination in the central nervous system","volume":"14","author":"Wolter","year":"2016","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8245","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9245","article-title":"Increased COUP-TFII expression in adult hearts induces mitochondrial dysfunction resulting in heart failure","volume":"6","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6805","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00587-15","article-title":"Identification of Cholesterol 25-Hydroxylase as a Novel Host Restriction Factor and a Part of the Primary Innate Immune Responses against Hepatitis C Virus Infection","volume":"89","author":"Xiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.12.001","article-title":"Fate mapping reveals origins and dynamics of monocytes and tissue macrophages under homeostasis","volume":"38","author":"Yona","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"136","key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib94","article-title":"Quantifying Microglia Morphology from Photomicrographs of Immunohistochemistry Prepared Tissue Using ImageJ","author":"Young","year":"2018","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Vis. Exp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btt145","article-title":"An accessible database for mouse and human whole transcriptome qPCR primers","volume":"29","author":"Zeisel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2005.01.004","article-title":"The Src family kinases Hck and Fgr negatively regulate neutrophil and dendritic cell chemokine signaling via PIR-B","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunity"}],"container-title":["Cell Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211124720301893?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211124720301893?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T10:53:41Z","timestamp":1761908021000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2211124720301893"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S2211124720301893"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2019.12.23.885186","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2211-1247"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2211-1247","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Microglial Homeostasis Requires Balanced CSF-1\/CSF-2 Receptor Signaling","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Cell Reports","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.028","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 The Authors.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}