{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T10:26:29Z","timestamp":1790504789583,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000861","name":"Burroughs Wellcome Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000861","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cell.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cell Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]],"date-time":"2021-03-23T13:48:52Z","timestamp":1616507332000},"page":"108959","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":213,"title":["Drug repurposing screens reveal cell-type-specific entry pathways and FDA-approved drugs active against SARS-Cov-2"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2884-5630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Dittmar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae Seung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kanupriya","family":"Whig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisha","family":"Segrist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0409-5214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minghua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brinda","family":"Kamalia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Castellana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kasirajan","family":"Ayyanathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabian L.","family":"Cardenas-Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward E.","family":"Morrisey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Truitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenli","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kellie","family":"Jurado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirandeep","family":"Samby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0390-6786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Holly","family":"Ramage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David C.","family":"Schultz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Cherry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1468","article-title":"Drug repositioning: identifying and developing new uses for existing drugs","volume":"3","author":"Ashburn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2019.152956","article-title":"Cepharanthine: An update of its mode of action, pharmacological properties and medical applications","volume":"62","author":"Bailly","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2007764","article-title":"Remdesivir for the Treatment of Covid-19 - Preliminary Report. Reply","volume":"383","author":"Beigel","year":"2020","journal-title":"N.\u00a0Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5871","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0809524106","article-title":"Activation of the SARS coronavirus spike protein via sequential proteolytic cleavage at two distinct sites","volume":"106","author":"Belouzard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.04.026","article-title":"Imbalanced Host Response to SARS-CoV-2 Drives Development of COVID-19","volume":"181","author":"Blanco-Melo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13001","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.24.13001-13014.2002","article-title":"Highly permissive cell lines for subgenomic and genomic hepatitis C virus RNA replication","volume":"76","author":"Blight","year":"2002","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355838200992318","article-title":"Determination of preferential binding sites for anti-dsRNA antibodies on double-stranded RNA by scanning force microscopy","volume":"6","author":"Bonin","year":"2000","journal-title":"RNA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.19074-0","article-title":"Requirement for cyclophilin A for the replication of vesicular stomatitis virus New Jersey serotype","volume":"84","author":"Bose","year":"2003","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Gen. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2016638","article-title":"A Randomized Trial of Hydroxychloroquine as Postexposure Prophylaxis for Covid-19","volume":"383","author":"Boulware","year":"2020","journal-title":"N.\u00a0Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2014.02.010","article-title":"Human coronavirus NL63 replication is cyclophilin A-dependent and inhibited by non-immunosuppressive cyclosporine A-derivatives including Alisporivir","volume":"184","author":"Carbajo-Lozoya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9052","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.16.9052-9068.2003","article-title":"Redistribution of cyclophilin A to viral factories during vaccinia virus infection and its incorporation into mature particles","volume":"77","author":"Castro","year":"2003","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0118-9","article-title":"Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses","volume":"17","author":"Cui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2495","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(74)90174-9","article-title":"Commentary. Lysosomotropic agents","volume":"23","author":"de Duve","year":"1974","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2542","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.034983-0","article-title":"Cyclosporin A inhibits the replication of diverse coronaviruses","volume":"92","author":"de Wilde","year":"2011","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Gen. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.052910-0","article-title":"MERS-coronavirus replication induces severe in\u00a0vitro cytopathology and is strongly inhibited by cyclosporin A or interferon-\u03b1 treatment","volume":"94","author":"de Wilde","year":"2013","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Gen. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.81","article-title":"SARS and MERS: recent insights into emerging coronaviruses","volume":"14","author":"de Wit","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10935","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00750-12","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus induces epidermal growth factor receptor activation via CD81 binding for viral internalization and entry","volume":"86","author":"Diao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5671","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1219383110","article-title":"Rescue of fragile X syndrome phenotypes in Fmr1 KO mice by the small-molecule PAK inhibitor FRAX486","volume":"110","author":"Dolan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-199631040-00003","article-title":"Clinical pharmacokinetics and metabolism of chloroquine. Focus on recent advancements","volume":"31","author":"Ducharme","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4885","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.03036-14","article-title":"Repurposing of clinically developed drugs for treatment of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection","volume":"58","author":"Dyall","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001099","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001099","article-title":"The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) promotes uptake of influenza A viruses (IAV) into host cells","volume":"6","author":"Eierhoff","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000000797","article-title":"Repurposing of clinically approved drugs for treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 in a 2019-novel coronavirus-related coronavirus model","volume":"133","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J. (Engl.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-199345060-00007","article-title":"Cyclosporin. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic use in immunoregulatory disorders","volume":"45","author":"Faulds","year":"1993","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(91)90123-G","article-title":"Two cytoplasmic candidates for immunophilin action are revealed by affinity for a new cyclophilin: one in the presence and one in the absence of CsA","volume":"66","author":"Friedman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1993.tb18189.x","article-title":"Peptidylproline cis-trans-isomerases: immunophilins","volume":"216","author":"Galat","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4122","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02232-10","article-title":"Evidence that TMPRSS2 activates the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein for membrane fusion and reduces viral control by the humoral immune response","volume":"85","author":"Glowacka","year":"2011","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/s000180050299","article-title":"Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerases, a superfamily of ubiquitous folding catalysts","volume":"55","author":"G\u00f6thel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2020.05.009","article-title":"IL-6: Relevance for immunopathology of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"53","author":"Gubernatorova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100591","volume":"28","author":"Guisado-Vasco","year":"2020","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2606.200516","article-title":"Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 from Patient with Coronavirus Disease, United States","volume":"26","author":"Harcourt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor","volume":"181","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2004.08.008","article-title":"Cellular entry of the SARS coronavirus","volume":"12","author":"Hofmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1102703","article-title":"Transcriptional regulation by calcium, calcineurin, and NFAT","volume":"17","author":"Hogan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-09-2997","article-title":"R428, a selective small molecule inhibitor of Axl kinase, blocks tumor spread and prolongs survival in models of metastatic breast cancer","volume":"70","author":"Holland","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib35","first-page":"551","article-title":"Y-320, a novel immune-modulator, sensitizes multidrug-resistant tumors to chemotherapy","volume":"12","author":"Hong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Transl. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.05.042","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Reverse Genetics Reveals a Variable Infection Gradient in the Respiratory Tract","volume":"182","author":"Hou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.3109\/09273949709116892","article-title":"Tetrandrine potently inhibits herpes simplex virus type-1-induced keratitis in BALB\/c mice","volume":"5","author":"Hu","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2018.05.009","article-title":"Epidermal growth factor receptor is a co-factor for transmissible gastroenteritis virus entry","volume":"521","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2018.12.012","article-title":"Targeting the Ca2+\/Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II by Tetrandrine in human liver cancer cells","volume":"508","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.3390\/v12060642","article-title":"Potential antiviral options against SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"12","author":"Ianevski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8487","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1811064116","article-title":"Epidermal growth factor receptor is a host-entry cofactor triggering hepatitis B virus internalization","volume":"116","author":"Iwamoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3303","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-019-0220-0","article-title":"Derivation of self-renewing lung alveolar epithelial type II cells from human pluripotent stem cells","volume":"14","author":"Jacob","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01441-18","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01441-18","article-title":"Salinomycin Inhibits Influenza Virus Infection by Disrupting Endosomal Acidification and Viral Matrix Protein 2 Function","volume":"92","author":"Jang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2013.04.011","article-title":"Salinomycin induces activation of autophagy, mitophagy and affects mitochondrial polarity: differences between primary and cancer cells","volume":"1833","author":"Jangamreddy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-9120(91)90105-N","article-title":"Cyclosporine analogues","volume":"24","author":"Jeffery","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00819-20","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00819-20","article-title":"Identification of antiviral drug candidates against SARS-CoV-2 from FDA-approved drugs","volume":"64","author":"Jeon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-018-0680-z","article-title":"Salinomycin, as an autophagy modulator\u2014a new avenue to anticancer: a review","volume":"37","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910500418","article-title":"SDZ PSC 833, a non-immunosuppressive cyclosporine: its potency in overcoming P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance of murine leukemia","volume":"50","author":"Keller","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1995.1123","article-title":"Coronavirus protein processing and RNA synthesis is inhibited by the cysteine proteinase inhibitor E64d","volume":"208","author":"Kim","year":"1995","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9110696","article-title":"Natural Bis-Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloids-Tetrandrine, Fangchinoline, and Cepharanthine, Inhibit Human Coronavirus OC43 Infection of MRC-5 Human Lung Cells","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-6-62","article-title":"A standard curve based method for relative real time PCR data processing","volume":"6","author":"Larionov","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-0688-y","article-title":"Functional assessment of cell entry and receptor usage for SARS-CoV-2 and other lineage B betacoronaviruses","volume":"5","author":"Letko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2008.04.056","article-title":"Differential effects of triptolide and tetrandrine on activation of COX-2, NF-kappaB, and AP-1 and virus production in dengue virus-infected human lung cells","volume":"589","author":"Liou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(91)90124-H","article-title":"Calcineurin is a common target of cyclophilin-cyclosporin A and FKBP-FK506 complexes","volume":"66","author":"Liu","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e37277","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037277","article-title":"Cyclosporin A inhibits the influenza virus replication through cyclophilin A-dependent and -independent pathways","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e31063","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031063","article-title":"Cyclophilin A restricts influenza A virus replication through degradation of the M1 protein","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-020-0156-0","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine, a less toxic derivative of chloroquine, is effective in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection in\u00a0vitro","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01519-06","article-title":"Cyclophilin A, TRIM5, and resistance to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection","volume":"81","author":"Luban","year":"2007","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2020.03.006","article-title":"Ongoing Clinical Trials for the Management of the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"41","author":"Lythgoe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2019.104620","article-title":"Influences of cyclosporin A and non-immunosuppressive derivatives on cellular cyclophilins and viral nucleocapsid protein during human coronavirus 229E replication","volume":"173","author":"Ma-Lauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0162-3109(00)00192-2","article-title":"Mechanisms of action of cyclosporine","volume":"47","author":"Matsuda","year":"2000","journal-title":"Immunopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7001","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2002589117","article-title":"Enhanced isolation of SARS-CoV-2 by TMPRSS2-expressing cells","volume":"117","author":"Matsuyama","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib63","article-title":"First patient dosed in bemcentinib COVID-19 trial","author":"Mckee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmatimes Online"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.12.045","article-title":"Axl Mediates ZIKA Virus Entry in Human Glial Cells and Modulates Innate Immune Responses","volume":"18","author":"Meertens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2014.11.021","article-title":"Host cell proteases: Critical determinants of coronavirus tropism and pathogenesis","volume":"202","author":"Millet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2017.12.015","article-title":"Physiological and molecular triggers for SARS-CoV membrane fusion and entry into host cells","volume":"517","author":"Millet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(75)90490-8","article-title":"Salinomycin: a new monovalent cation ionophore","volume":"66","author":"Mitani","year":"1975","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb8925","article-title":"Cytokine release syndrome in severe COVID-19","volume":"368","author":"Moore","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.07.008","article-title":"Cyclophilin inhibition as potential therapy for liver diseases","volume":"61","author":"Naoumov","year":"2014","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1038\/nm994","article-title":"A new cell-permeable peptide allows successful allogeneic islet transplantation in mice","volume":"10","author":"Noguchi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2222.2003.01701.x","article-title":"Ebastine inhibits T\u00a0cell migration, production of Th2-type cytokines and proinflammatory cytokines","volume":"33","author":"Nori","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2009.03958.x","article-title":"Histamine H1-receptor antagonists with immunomodulating activities: potential use for modulating T helper type 1 (Th1)\/Th2 cytokine imbalance and inflammatory responses in allergic diseases","volume":"157","author":"Okamoto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ddstr.2011.10.002","article-title":"Drug Repurposing from an Academic Perspective","volume":"8","author":"Oprea","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today Ther. Strateg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15562-9","article-title":"Characterization of spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 on virus entry and its immune cross-reactivity with SARS-CoV","volume":"11","author":"Ou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-03065-y","article-title":"Genetic mechanisms of critical illness in Covid-19","volume":"591","author":"Pairo-Castineira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117883","article-title":"Potential therapeutic targets for combating SARS-CoV-2: Drug repurposing, clinical trials and recent advancements","volume":"256","author":"Pandey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa587","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemic: Time to revive the cyclophilin inhibitor alisporivir","volume":"71","author":"Pawlotsky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib78","series-title":"Successful Strategies for the Discovery of Antiviral Drugs","first-page":"384","article-title":"Optimization of cyclophilin inhibitors for use in antiviral therapy","author":"Peel","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2018.168","article-title":"Drug repurposing: progress, challenges and recommendations","volume":"18","author":"Pushpakom","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib80","first-page":"61","article-title":"[Effects of tetrandrine on rabbit platelet aggregation, thromboxane A2 generation and calmodulin activity]","volume":"10","author":"Qian","year":"1989","journal-title":"Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.12.068","article-title":"Screening Bioactives Reveals Nanchangmycin as a Broad Spectrum Antiviral Active against Zika Virus","volume":"18","author":"Rausch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1258758","article-title":"Ebola virus. Two-pore channels control Ebola virus host cell entry and are drug targets for disease treatment","volume":"347","author":"Sakurai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10112","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01001-12","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus replication is severely impaired by MG132 due to proteasome-independent inhibition of M-calpain","volume":"86","author":"Schneider","year":"2012","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11727","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2003138117","article-title":"Cell entry mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"117","author":"Shang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabb5883","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abb5883","article-title":"An orally bioavailable broad-spectrum antiviral inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in human airway epithelial cell cultures and multiple coronaviruses in mice","volume":"12","author":"Sheahan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib86","first-page":"L493","article-title":"Calu-3: a human airway epithelial cell line that shows cAMP-dependent Cl- secretion","volume":"266","author":"Shen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S259","DOI":"10.1086\/520594","article-title":"The mechanism of Axl-mediated Ebola virus infection","volume":"196","author":"Shimojima","year":"2007","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000663","article-title":"Feline coronavirus replication is affected by both cyclophilin A and cyclophilin B","volume":"98","author":"Tanaka","year":"2017","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Gen. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1097\/00007691-199512000-00007","article-title":"Mode of action of tacrolimus (FK506): molecular and cellular mechanisms","volume":"17","author":"Thomson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ther. Drug Monit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3373","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02555-09","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen interacts with and promotes cyclophilin a secretion: possible link to pathogenesis of HBV infection","volume":"84","author":"Tian","year":"2010","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1729069","article-title":"Potent binding of 2019 novel coronavirus spike protein by a SARS coronavirus-specific human monoclonal antibody","volume":"9","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1038\/nm910","article-title":"Cyclophilin A modulates the sensitivity of HIV-1 to host restriction factors","volume":"9","author":"Towers","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ph7010001","article-title":"A new phenylpyrazoleanilide, y-320, inhibits interleukin 17 production and ameliorates collagen-induced arthritis in mice and cynomolgus monkeys","volume":"7","author":"Ushio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.5.8.1807","article-title":"A review of the second-generation antihistamine ebastine for the treatment of allergic disorders","volume":"5","author":"Van Cauwenberge","year":"2004","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2009.12.005","article-title":"An emerging role for p21-activated kinases (Paks) in viral infections","volume":"20","author":"Van den Broeke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e44132","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044132","article-title":"Salinomycin induces autophagy in colon and breast cancer cells with concomitant generation of reactive oxygen species","volume":"7","author":"Verdoodt","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2015.08.004","article-title":"Genetic deficiency and polymorphisms of cyclophilin A reveal its essential role for Human Coronavirus 229E replication","volume":"14","author":"von Brunn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.04.053","article-title":"Hepatocytes that express variants of cyclophilin A are resistant to HCV infection and replication","volume":"143","author":"von Hahn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib99","first-page":"8211","article-title":"Radiosensitization of p53 mutant cells by PD0166285, a novel G(2) checkpoint abrogator","volume":"61","author":"Wang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0282-0","article-title":"Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in\u00a0vitro","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17180","article-title":"Therapeutic efficacy of the small molecule GS-5734 against Ebola virus in rhesus monkeys","volume":"531","author":"Warren","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.alkal.2018.07.001","article-title":"Bisbenzylisoquinoline Alkaloids","volume":"81","author":"Weber","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alkaloids Chem. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.69.4.635-664.2005","article-title":"Coronavirus pathogenesis and the emerging pathogen severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus","volume":"69","author":"Weiss","year":"2005","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2020030348","article-title":"COVID-19 and Calcineurin Inhibitors: Should They Get Left Out in the Storm?","volume":"31","author":"Willicombe","year":"2020","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.02.026","article-title":"Human neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 require intact Fc effector functions for optimal therapeutic protection","author":"Winkler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2008-3","article-title":"A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China","volume":"579","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-7-372","article-title":"Chicken cyclophilin A is an inhibitory factor to influenza virus replication","volume":"7","author":"Xu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.45498","article-title":"Targeting the Endocytic Pathway and Autophagy Process as a Novel Therapeutic Strategy in COVID-19","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5269","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02614-07","article-title":"Cyclophilin A is an essential cofactor for hepatitis C virus infection and the principal mediator of cyclosporine resistance in\u00a0vitro","volume":"82","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.1.644-648.2005","article-title":"The ubiquitin-proteasome system facilitates the transfer of murine coronavirus from endosome to cytoplasm during virus entry","volume":"79","author":"Yu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5271","DOI":"10.1021\/jm900552r","article-title":"Thiosemicarbazones from the old to new: iron chelators that are more than just ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors","volume":"52","author":"Yu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1177\/108705719900400206","article-title":"A Simple Statistical Parameter for Use in Evaluation and Validation of High Throughput Screening Assays","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"1999","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Biomol. Screen."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-019-5590-8","article-title":"Salinomycin triggers endoplasmic reticulum stress through ATP2A3 upregulation in PC-3 cells","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.1796","article-title":"Viruses exploit the function of epidermal growth factor receptor","volume":"24","author":"Zheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2012.07.024","article-title":"Cyclophilin A and viral infections","volume":"424","author":"Zhou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."}],"container-title":["Cell Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211124721002734?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211124721002734?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T11:16:15Z","timestamp":1761909375000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2211124721002734"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"references-count":115,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S2211124721002734"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959","relation":{},"ISSN":["2211-1247"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2211-1247","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Drug repurposing screens reveal cell-type-specific entry pathways and FDA-approved drugs active against SARS-Cov-2","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Cell Reports","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 The Authors.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108959"}}