{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T20:57:24Z","timestamp":1781643444505,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]],"date-time":"2019-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556668800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]],"date-time":"2019-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556668800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003339","name":"Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NANOMIND 201560E068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NANOMIND 201560E068"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003339","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MAT-2017-86450-C4-1-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAT-2017-86450-C4-1-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FJCI-2016-28488"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FJCI-2016-28488"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cement and Concrete Composites"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2019.02.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,11]],"date-time":"2019-02-11T11:44:57Z","timestamp":1549885497000},"page":"32-39","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"special_numbering":"C","title":["In situ characterization of main reaction products in alkali-activated slag materials by Confocal Raman Microscopy"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"O.","family":"Mikhailova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"del Campo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Rovnanik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.F.","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Torres-Carrasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2019.02.004_bib1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Global CO2 emissions from cement production","author":"Andrew","year":"2017","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2019.02.004_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.3844\/ajessp.2008.482.490","article-title":"Analysis and optimization of carbon dioxide emission mitigation options in the cement industry","volume":"4","author":"Ba-Shammakh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2019.02.004_bib3","first-page":"211","article-title":"Alkali-activated materials\u202f: cementing a sustainable future","volume":"15","author":"A Bernal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ing. Y Compet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2019.02.004_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2015.04.013","article-title":"Advances in understanding alkali-activated materials","volume":"78","author":"Provis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cement Concr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2019.02.004_bib5","series-title":"Alkali-Activated Cements and Concretes","author":"Shi","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2019.02.004_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(98)00170-7","article-title":"Alkali activation of Australian slag cements","volume":"29","author":"Bakharev","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cement Concr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2019.02.004_bib7","first-page":"1313","article-title":"Alkali-activated slag mortars Mechanical strength behaviour","volume":"29","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Jim\u00e9nez","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cement Concr. Compos."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2019.02.004_bib8","first-page":"1","article-title":"Chemical and mechanical properties of alkali-activated blast furnace slag (F-concrete)","volume":"1","author":"Kukko","year":"1983","journal-title":"Nord. Concr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2019.02.004_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(99)00074-5","article-title":"Chemical stability of cementitious materials based on metakaolin","volume":"29","author":"Palomo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cement Concr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2019.02.004_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2013.02.040","article-title":"Chemical behaviour of ground waste glass when used as partial cement replacement in mortars","volume":"44","author":"Khmiri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2019.02.004_bib11","first-page":"791","article-title":"Durability of alkali-activated slag concretes prepared using waste glass as alternative activator","volume":"112","author":"Torres-Carrasco","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACI"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2019.02.004_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e059","DOI":"10.3989\/mc.2015.06114","article-title":"Properties of fly ash and metakaol\u00edn based geopolymer panels under fire resistance tests","volume":"65","author":"Cornejo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Construcci\u00f3n"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2019.02.004_bib13","series-title":"Another Look at the Rapid Chloride Permeability Test (ASTM C1202 or ASSHTO T277)","author":"Shi","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2019.02.004_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(98)00050-7","article-title":"Interface between cement paste and quartz sand in alkali-activated slag mortars","volume":"28","author":"Shi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cement Concr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2019.02.004_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(00)00254-4","article-title":"Automated identification of the aggregate-paste interfacial transition zone in mortars of silica sand with Portland or alkali-activated slag cement paste","volume":"30","author":"Brough","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cement Concr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2019.02.004_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2007.11.005","article-title":"The calcium silicate hydrates","volume":"38","author":"Richardson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cement Concr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2019.02.004_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2917","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-006-0637-z","article-title":"Geopolymer technology: the current state of the art","volume":"42","author":"Duxson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Mater. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2019.02.004_bib18","series-title":"Alkali-Activated Materials. State of the Art Report","author":"Provis","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2019.02.004_bib19","article-title":"A\u00a0review on alkaline activation\u202f: new analytical perspectives","volume":"64","author":"Palomo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Construcci\u00f3n"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2019.02.004_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeurceramsoc.2011.04.036","article-title":"A\u00a0model for the C-A-S-H gel formed in alkali-activated slag cements","volume":"31","author":"Puertas","year":"2011","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Eur. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2019.02.004_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5266","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.6b02233","article-title":"Nanoscale charge-balancing mechanism in alkali-substituted calcium-silicate-hydrate gels","volume":"7","author":"\u00d6z\u00e7elik","year":"2016","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Phys. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2019.02.004_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2011.08.005","article-title":"Influence of slag chemistry on the hydration of alkali-activated blast-furnace slag \u2014 Part II: effect of Al2O3","volume":"42","author":"Ben Haha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cement Concr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2019.02.004_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2017.09.011","article-title":"Compressive strength and microstructure of alkali-activated fly ash\/slag binders at high temperature","volume":"86","author":"Pan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cement Concr. Compos."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2019.02.004_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1680\/adcr.2010.22.4.233","article-title":"Characterisation of cement hydrate phases by TEM, NMR and Raman spectroscopy","volume":"22","author":"Richardson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Cem. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2019.02.004_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S1065-7355(97)00001-1","article-title":"Raman spectroscopy of C-S-H, tobermorite, and jennite","volume":"5","author":"Kirkpatrick","year":"1997","journal-title":"Adv. Cem. Base Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2019.02.004_bib26","series-title":"Spectrosc. Prop. Inorg. Organomet. Compd.","article-title":"Raman Spectroscopy of cementitious materials","author":"Black","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2019.02.004_bib27","first-page":"378","article-title":"Some applications of infrared and Raman spectroscopy in cement chemistry. Part 2: Portland cements and its constituents","volume":"5","author":"Bensted","year":"1974","journal-title":"Cem. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2019.02.004_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3589","DOI":"10.1111\/jace.12535","article-title":"Raman spectroscopy of anhydrous and hydrated calcium aluminates and sulfoaluminates","volume":"96","author":"Torr\u00e9ns-Mart\u00edn","year":"2013","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2019.02.004_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2005.09.010","article-title":"The application of Raman spectrometry to the investigation of cement: Part II: a micro-Raman study of OPC, slag and fly ash","volume":"36","author":"Potgieter-Vermaak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cement Concr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2019.02.004_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-8846(80)90005-8","article-title":"Infrared and Raman spectral studies in cement and concrete (review)","volume":"10","author":"Ghosh","year":"1980","journal-title":"Cement Concr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2019.02.004_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48925","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA07266J","article-title":"Effects of CO2 and temperature on the structure and chemistry of C\u2013(A\u2013)S\u2013H investigated by Raman spectroscopy","volume":"7","author":"Ortaboy","year":"2017","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2019.02.004_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2016.07.005","article-title":"Confocal Raman microscopy as a non-destructive tool to study microstructure of hydrating cementitious materials","volume":"88","author":"Higl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cement Concr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2019.02.004_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2017.06.003","article-title":"New insights in weathering analysis of anhydrous cements by using high spectral and spatial resolution Confocal Raman Microscopy","volume":"100","author":"Torres-carrasco","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cement Concr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2019.02.004_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.4296","article-title":"Determination and imaging of binder remnants and aggregates in historic cement stone by Raman microscopy","volume":"44","author":"Schmid","year":"2013","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Raman Spectrosc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2019.02.004_bib35","series-title":"A\u00a0Practical Guide to Microstructural Analysis of Cementitious Materials","author":"Scrivener","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2019.02.004_bib36","series-title":"Infrared Spectra of Minerals and Related Inorganic Compounds","author":"Gadsden","year":"1975"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2019.02.004_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3211","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1551-2916.2006.01214.x","article-title":"Effect of carbonation on alkali-activated slag paste","volume":"89","author":"Palacios","year":"2006","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2019.02.004_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2005.09.008","article-title":"The application of Raman spectrometry to investigate and characterize cement, Part I: a review","volume":"36","author":"Potgieter-Vermaak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cement Concr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2019.02.004_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21722","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ra44007a","article-title":"CO2 mineralization into different polymorphs of CaCO3 using an aqueous-CO2 system","volume":"3","author":"Chu","year":"2013","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2019.02.004_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(03)00254-0","article-title":"Pore solution in alkali-activated slag cement pastes. Relation to the composition and structure of calcium silicate hydrate","volume":"34","author":"Puertas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cement Concr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2019.02.004_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2016.01.184","article-title":"Effect of calcium on the alkaline activation of aluminosilicate glass","volume":"42","author":"Garcia-Lodeiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2019.02.004_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s10971-007-1643-6","article-title":"FTIR study of the sol-gel synthesis of cementitious gels: C-S-H and N-A-S-H","volume":"45","author":"Garc\u00eda-Lodeiro","year":"2008","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Sol. Gel Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2019.02.004_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3989\/mc.2001.v51.i261.380","article-title":"Cementos de escorias activados alcalinamente. Determinaci\u00f3n del grado de reacci\u00f3n Alkaline activated slag cements. Determination of reaction degree","volume":"51","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Jim\u00e9nez","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mater. Construcci\u00f3n"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2019.02.004_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vibspec.2015.11.003","article-title":"Raman spectra of synthetic and natural mullite","volume":"82","author":"Bost","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vib. Spectrosc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2019.02.004_bib45","unstructured":"RRUFF Project website of Raman spectra, X-ray diffraction and chemistry data for minerals: http:\/\/rruff.info\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2019.02.004_bib46","series-title":"Confocal Raman Microscopy","author":"Dieing","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2019.02.004_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.1518","article-title":"Raman and infrared spectra of carbonates of calcite structure","volume":"37","author":"Gunasekaran","year":"2006","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Raman Spectrosc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2019.02.004_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-013-0089-2","article-title":"Natural carbonation of aged alkali-activated slag concretes","volume":"47","author":"Bernal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2019.02.004_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2013.06.007","article-title":"Gel nanostructure in alkali-activated binders based on slag and fl y ash, and effects of accelerated carbonation","volume":"53","author":"Bernal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cement Concr. Res."}],"container-title":["Cement and Concrete Composites"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0958946518307698?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0958946518307698?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T06:19:11Z","timestamp":1778566751000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0958946518307698"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]},"references-count":49,"alternative-id":["S0958946518307698"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2019.02.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["0958-9465"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0958-9465","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"In situ characterization of main reaction products in alkali-activated slag materials by Confocal Raman Microscopy","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Cement and Concrete Composites","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2019.02.004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}