{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T16:20:21Z","timestamp":1788452421117,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006034","name":"University of Southern California","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006034","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30ES007048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30ES007048"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1947-2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1947-2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cleaner Environmental Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cesys.2026.100461","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T16:40:59Z","timestamp":1780332059000},"page":"100461","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Estimating facility-level greenhouse gas emissions in U.S. hospitals with machine learning imputation of incomplete self-reported data"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Hao","family":"Yin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandrah P.","family":"Eckel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehak","family":"Kaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lara","family":"Sutherland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makaya","family":"Tome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baoqi Eileen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arash","family":"Motamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Najmedin","family":"Meshkati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Howard","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rob","family":"McConnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0516-6125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bhavna","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cesys.2026.100461_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.362","article-title":"Eliminating waste in US health care","volume":"307","author":"Berwick","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cesys.2026.100461_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s10666-020-09701-1","article-title":"The carbon footprint of transport activities of the 401 military general hospital of Athens","volume":"26","author":"Bozoudis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Assess."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cesys.2026.100461_bib3","first-page":"19","article-title":"Ethical considerations and patient safety concerns for cancelling non-urgent surgeries during the COVID-19 pandemic: a review. Patient Saf","volume":"15","author":"Brown","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cesys.2026.100461_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2020.01.001","article-title":"Environmental sustainability of hospital foodservices across the food supply chain: a systematic review","volume":"120","author":"Carino","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cesys.2026.100461_bib7","series-title":"Technical Update (V1.0): Anaesthetic Nitrous Oxide System Loss Mitigation and Management","author":"Chakera","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cesys.2026.100461_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2021.03.531","article-title":"The environmental impact of interventional radiology: an evaluation of greenhouse gas emissions from an academic interventional radiology practice","volume":"32","author":"Chua","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Intervent. Radiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cesys.2026.100461_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2020.01247","article-title":"Health care pollution and public health damage in the United States: an update","volume":"39","author":"Eckelman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Aff."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cesys.2026.100461_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S120","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2017.303846","article-title":"Estimated global disease burden from US health care sector greenhouse gas emissions","volume":"108","author":"Eckelman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cesys.2026.100461_bib13","series-title":"Food and Commodity Balances 2010\u20132020. Global, Regional and Country Trends","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cesys.2026.100461_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfo.2021.08.004","article-title":"The carbon footprint of cataract surgery in a French University Hospital","volume":"45","author":"Ferrero","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Fr. Ophtalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cesys.2026.100461_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1013203451","article-title":"Greedy function approximation: a gradient boosting machine","volume":"29","author":"Friedman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Stat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cesys.2026.100461_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjophth-2020-000642","article-title":"Improving productivity, costs and environmental impact in international eye health services: using the \u2018Eyefficiency\u2019 cataract surgical services auditing tool to assess the value of cataract surgical services","volume":"6","author":"Goel","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cesys.2026.100461_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/aqab021","article-title":"Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of gastrointestinal biopsies in a surgical pathology laboratory","volume":"156","author":"Gordon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cesys.2026.100461_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1142\/S2010007813500103","article-title":"Carbon taxes versus cap and trade: a critical review","volume":"4","author":"Goulder","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clim. Change Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cesys.2026.100461_bib20","author":"Greenwell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cesys.2026.100461_bib22","unstructured":"HCWH, 2022 Health Sector CARES Pledge. https:\/\/us.noharm.org\/climate-smart-health-care\/health-sector-cares-pledge (accessed 7.8.25)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cesys.2026.100461_bib24","series-title":"Homeland Infrastructure Foundation-Level Data","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cesys.2026.100461_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-environ-112320-095157","article-title":"Sustainability in health care","volume":"47","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cesys.2026.100461_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-022-01293-7","article-title":"USEEIO v2.0, the US environmentally-extended input-output model v2.0","volume":"9","author":"Ingwersen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cesys.2026.100461_bib27","series-title":"Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cesys.2026.100461_bib29","article-title":"The greenhouse gas emissions of a German hospital - a case study of an easy-to-use approach based on financial data","volume":"11","author":"Keil","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clean. Environ. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cesys.2026.100461_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.128479","article-title":"From bandages to buildings: identifying the environmental hotspots of hospitals","volume":"319","author":"Keller","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cesys.2026.100461_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1007\/s11625-024-01487-5","article-title":"Climate-friendly healthcare: reducing the impacts of the healthcare sector on the world's climate","volume":"19","author":"Leal Filho","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sustain. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cesys.2026.100461_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2022.12.008","article-title":"Environmental impact of prostate magnetic resonance imaging and transrectal ultrasound guided prostate Biopsy","volume":"83","author":"Leapman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cesys.2026.100461_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e271","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(20)30121-2","article-title":"The environmental footprint of health care: a global assessment","volume":"4","author":"Lenzen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Planet. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cesys.2026.100461_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2023-329544","article-title":"Life cycle assessment of routinely used endoscopic instruments and simple intervention to reduce our environmental impact","author":"L\u00f3pez-Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cesys.2026.100461_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e381","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(17)30162-6","article-title":"The impact of surgery on global climate: a carbon footprinting study of operating theatres in three health systems","volume":"1","author":"MacNeill","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Planet. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cesys.2026.100461_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2020.03.033","article-title":"The impending storm: COVID-19, pandemics and our overwhelmed emergency departments","volume":"38","author":"Mareiniss","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cesys.2026.100461_bib38","series-title":"Action Collaborative on Decarbonizing the U.S. Health Sector","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cesys.2026.100461_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6580","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.8b05473","article-title":"Cradle-to-Gate greenhouse gas emissions for twenty anesthetic active pharmaceutical ingredients based on process Scale-Up and process design calculations","volume":"7","author":"Parvatker","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cesys.2026.100461_bib40","series-title":"Energy | Practice Greenhealth","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cesys.2026.100461_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ab19e1","article-title":"International comparison of health care carbon footprints","volume":"14","author":"Pichler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cesys.2026.100461_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaq0216","article-title":"Reducing food's environmental impacts through producers and consumers","volume":"360","author":"Poore","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cesys.2026.100461_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.70019","article-title":"How sustainable are hospital menus in the United Kingdom? Identifying untapped potential based on a novel scoring system for plant-based provisions","volume":"38","author":"Sadler","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hum. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cesys.2026.100461_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0757-z","article-title":"Assessing the efficiency of changes in land use for mitigating climate change","volume":"564","author":"Searchinger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cesys.2026.100461_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.12.3.69","article-title":"What can we learn from the grand policy experiment? Lessons from SO2 allowance trading","volume":"12","author":"Stavins","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Econ. Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cesys.2026.100461_bib45","series-title":"Handbook of Environmental Economics","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/S1574-0099(03)01014-3","article-title":"Experience with market-based environmental policy instruments","author":"Stavins","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cesys.2026.100461_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e84","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(20)30271-0","article-title":"Health care's response to climate change: a carbon footprint assessment of the NHS in England","volume":"5","author":"Tennison","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Planet. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cesys.2026.100461_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1021\/es504719g","article-title":"Environmental impacts of surgical procedures: life cycle assessment of hysterectomy in the United States","volume":"49","author":"Thiel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cesys.2026.100461_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S158","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304397","article-title":"Strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from laparoscopic surgery","volume":"108","author":"Thiel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cesys.2026.100461_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1002\/2014GL062785","article-title":"Modern inhalation anesthetics: potent greenhouse gases in the global atmosphere","volume":"42","author":"Vollmer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cesys.2026.100461_bib53","series-title":"Tracking Progress Toward the Cool Food Pledge","author":"Waite","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cesys.2026.100461_bib54","article-title":"The 2020 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: responding to converging crises","volume":"397","author":"Watts","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cesys.2026.100461_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32596-6","article-title":"The 2019 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: ensuring that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate","author":"Watts","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cesys.2026.100461_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32464-9","article-title":"The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: from 25 years of inaction to a global transformation for public health","volume":"391","author":"Watts","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cesys.2026.100461_bib57","series-title":"WHO and Brazil Urge Swift Action on Bel\u00e9m Health Action Plan at COP30","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cesys.2026.100461_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e413","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(19)30192-5","article-title":"The carbon footprint of the Chinese health-care system: an environmentally extended input\u2013output and structural path analysis study","volume":"3","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Planet. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cesys.2026.100461_bib59","article-title":"Predicting the climate impact of healthcare facilities using gradient boosting machines","author":"Yin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clean. Environ. Syst."}],"container-title":["Cleaner Environmental Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S266678942600067X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S266678942600067X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T15:45:44Z","timestamp":1788450344000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S266678942600067X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["S266678942600067X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cesys.2026.100461","relation":{},"ISSN":["2666-7894"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2666-7894","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Estimating facility-level greenhouse gas emissions in U.S. hospitals with machine learning imputation of incomplete self-reported data","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cesys.2026.100461","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100461"}}