{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T13:47:52Z","timestamp":1790603272983,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","geriatric.theclinics.com","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinics in Geriatric Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]],"date-time":"2021-11-15T18:27:15Z","timestamp":1637000835000},"page":"39-53","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Illicit Drug Use in Older Adults"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Ziad","family":"Ghantous","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Khoury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"9810","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61138-0","article-title":"Extent of illicit drug use and dependence, and their contribution to the global burden of disease","volume":"379","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib3","series-title":"Substance use and older people","first-page":"75","article-title":"Epidemiology and demography of alcohol and the older person","author":"Arndt","year":"2014"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjopharm.2006.10.002","article-title":"Psychoactive drug abuse in older adults","volume":"4","author":"Simoni-Wastila","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.10.013","article-title":"Nonmedical prescription opioids and pathways of drug involvement in the US: generational differences","volume":"182","author":"Wall","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"5152","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm675152e1","article-title":"Drug and opioid-involved overdose deaths - United States, 2013-2017","volume":"67","author":"Scholl","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2020.12.005","article-title":"Late- and typical-onset heroin use among older adults seeking treatment for opioid use disorder","volume":"29","author":"Lynch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib8","first-page":"80","article-title":"Health and social issues among older patients in opioid maintenance treatment in Norway","volume":"34","author":"Gaulen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nordisk Alkohol Nark"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e318190b8ef","article-title":"The epidemiology of substance use and disorders among middle aged and elderly community adults: national survey on drug use and health","volume":"17","author":"Blazer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1080\/08952840902837129","article-title":"Gender differences among older heroin users","volume":"21","author":"Hamilton","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Women Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.10.002","article-title":"A\u00a0hidden aspect of the U.S. opioid crisis: rise in first-time treatment admissions for older adults with opioid use disorder","volume":"193","author":"Huhn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/48.5.637","article-title":"Reconceptualizing early and late onset: a life course analysis of older heroin users","volume":"48","author":"Boeri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.167.2.166","article-title":"Injection drug users in the United States, 1979-2002: an aging population: an aging population","volume":"167","author":"Armstrong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.366","article-title":"The changing face of heroin use in the United States: a retrospective analysis of the past 50 years: a retrospective analysis of the past 50 years","volume":"71","author":"Cicero","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e31818ec7ee","article-title":"Changing profile of abused substances by older persons entering treatment","volume":"196","author":"Lofwall","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Nerv Ment Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2010.12.012","article-title":"Characteristics and consequences of heroin use among older adults in the United States: a review of the literature, treatment implications, and recommendations for further research","volume":"36","author":"Rosen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"issue":"39","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib17","first-page":"849","article-title":"Increases in heroin overdose deaths - 28 States, 2010 to 2012","volume":"63","author":"Rudd","year":"2014","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib18","first-page":"1","article-title":"Drug-poisoning deaths involving heroin: United States, 2000-2013","volume":"190","author":"Hedegaard","year":"2015","journal-title":"NCHS Data Brief"},{"issue":"108061","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108061","article-title":"Opioid prescribing history prior to heroin overdose among commercially insured adults","volume":"212","author":"Lagisetty","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib20","series-title":"HCUP statistical brief #244","article-title":"Opioid-related inpatient stays and emergency department visits among patients aged 65 years and older, 2010 and 2015","author":"Weiss","year":"2018"},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib21","first-page":"719","article-title":"Vital signs: demographic and substance use trends among heroin users - United States, 2002-2013","volume":"64","author":"Jones","year":"2015","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1508490","article-title":"Relationship between nonmedical prescription-opioid use and heroin use","volume":"374","author":"Compton","year":"2016","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-019-4734-5","article-title":"Take -home naloxone rescue kits following heroin overdose in the emergency department to prevent opioid overdose related repeat emergency department visits, hospitalization and death- a pilot study","volume":"19","author":"Papp","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.11.024","article-title":"Urban-rural variation in the socioeconomic determinants of opioid overdose","volume":"195","author":"Pear","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4246","article-title":"Loneliness in the elderly is associated with the use of psychotropic drugs: loneliness and psychotropic drugs in the elderly","volume":"30","author":"Boehlen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.2165\/11597800-000000000-00000","article-title":"Sedative load among community-dwelling people aged 75 years and older: a population-based study: a population-based study","volume":"28","author":"Taipale","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2019.1628276","article-title":"Loneliness and illicit opioid use among methadone maintenance treatment patients","volume":"54","author":"Polenick","year":"2019","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2003.00388.x","article-title":"Marginality among older injectors in today\u2019s illicit drug culture: assessing the impact of ageing: marginality among older injectors","volume":"98","author":"Anderson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2018.11.005","article-title":"Changes in the prevalence and correlates of cocaine use and cocaine use disorder in the United States, 2001-2002 and 2012-2013","volume":"90","author":"Kerridge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2009.02697.x","article-title":"Cocaine abuse in older adults: an underscreened cohort: letters to the editor","volume":"58","author":"Chait","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6912a1","article-title":"Patterns and characteristics of methamphetamine use among adults \u2014 United States, 2015\u20132018","volume":"69","author":"Jones","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2014.01.018","article-title":"Correlates of nonmedical use of stimulants and methamphetamine use in a national sample","volume":"39","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2021.02.030","article-title":"The rising tide of methamphetamine use in elderly trauma patients","author":"Benham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2016.04.020","article-title":"Trends in older adult nonmedical prescription drug use prevalence: results from the 2002\u20132003 and 2012\u20132013 National Survey on Drug Use and Health","volume":"60","author":"Schepis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2018.17091048","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of prescription stimulant use, misuse, use disorders, and motivations for misuse among adults in the United States","volume":"175","author":"Compton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"108323","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108323","article-title":"Recent trends and associated factors of amphetamine-type stimulant overdoses in emergency departments","volume":"216","author":"Vivolo-Kantor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-004-0005-x","article-title":"Health conditions among aging narcotics addicts: medical examination results","volume":"27","author":"Hser","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Behav Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e31816ff35a","article-title":"The prevalence of mental and physical health disorders among older methadone patients","volume":"16","author":"Rosen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2318-9-45","article-title":"Self reported health status, and health service contact, of illicit drug users aged 50 and over: a qualitative interview study in Merseyside, United Kingdom","volume":"9","author":"Beynon","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.5055\/jom.2009.0004","article-title":"The aging methadone maintenance patient: treatment adjustment, long-term success, and quality of life","volume":"5","author":"Rajaratnam","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Opioid Manag"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.13562","article-title":"Prescription opioids and risk of dementia or cognitive decline: a prospective cohort study","volume":"63","author":"Dublin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/s40266-017-0455-9","article-title":"The comparative risk of delirium with different opioids: a systematic review","volume":"34","author":"Swart","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib43","article-title":"Cocaine abuse in later life: a case series and review of the literature","volume":"17","author":"Yarnell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prim Care Companion CNS Disord"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib44","first-page":"874","article-title":"Cocaine use in elder patients presenting to an inner-city emergency department","volume":"11","author":"Rivers","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-4446-2018-0109","article-title":"Cocaine use by older populations, sleep quality, and associated risks","volume":"40","author":"Dokkedal-Silva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev Bras Psiquiatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2012.31","article-title":"Cocaine dependence: a fast-track for brain ageing?","volume":"18","author":"Ersche","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1590\/S1807-59322009000900006","article-title":"Crack cocaine use and its relationship with violence and HIV","volume":"64","author":"Carvalho","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clinics (Sao Paulo)"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15269","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0015269","article-title":"Distribution and pharmacokinetics of methamphetamine in the human body: clinical implications","volume":"5","author":"Volkow","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12072","article-title":"Methamphetamine use in a nationwide online sample of older Australian HIV-positive and HIV-negative gay men: methamphetamine use and older gay men","volume":"32","author":"Lyons","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0155457","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155457","article-title":"Chronic methamphetamine effects on brain structure and function in rats","volume":"11","author":"Thanos","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib51","first-page":"308052","article-title":"Methamphetamine and Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"2013","author":"Granado","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parkinsons Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-014-0233-y","article-title":"Detrimental impact of remote methamphetamine dependence on neurocognitive and everyday functioning in older but not younger HIV+ adults: evidence for a legacy effect?","volume":"20","author":"Iudicello","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurovirol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1097\/JAN.0000000000000076","article-title":"Growing old with ice: a review of the potential consequences of methamphetamine abuse in Australian older adults","volume":"26","author":"Searby","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Addict Nurs"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2013.12060782","article-title":"DSM-5 criteria for substance use disorders: recommendations and rationale","volume":"170","author":"Hasin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2017.08.005","article-title":"Prevention and screening of unhealthy substance use by older adults","volume":"34","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Geriatr Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2014.04.008","article-title":"Substance abuse among older adults","volume":"30","author":"Kuerbis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Geriatr Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2007.02114.x","article-title":"Validation of the alcohol, smoking and substance involvement screening test (ASSIST)","volume":"103","author":"Humeniuk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/1747-597X-7-14","article-title":"Validation of the French version of the alcohol, smoking and substance involvement screening test (ASSIST) in the elderly","volume":"7","author":"Khan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610214002014","article-title":"Screening for alcohol and substance use for older people in geriatric hospital and community health settings","volume":"27","author":"Draper","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatr"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-016-0718-x","article-title":"Alcohol and opioid use disorder in older adults: neglected and treatable illnesses","volume":"18","author":"Le Roux","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"issue":"e117","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e117","DOI":"10.1017\/S1463423618000440","article-title":"Substance misuse in later life: challenges for primary care: a review of policy and evidence","volume":"20","author":"Rao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prim Health Care Res Dev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1747-597X-6-9","article-title":"There is no age limit for methadone: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"6","author":"D\u00fcrsteler-MacFarland","year":"2011","journal-title":"Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1097\/NOR.0000000000000521","article-title":"A\u00a0population health approach to America\u2019s opioid epidemic","volume":"38","author":"Salmond","year":"2019","journal-title":"Orthop Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00592","article-title":"Craving in opioid use disorder: from neurobiology to clinical practice","volume":"10","author":"Kakko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-3147.91934","article-title":"Buprenorphine vs methadone treatment: a review of evidence in both developed and developing worlds","volume":"3","author":"Whelan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosci Rural Pract"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.V39N6p429","article-title":"Monthly take-home methadone maintenance regime for elderly opium-dependent users in Singapore","volume":"39","author":"Guo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Acad Med Singapore"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1177\/1049731516686692","article-title":"Using problem-solving therapy to reduce depressive symptom severity among older adult methadone clients: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"28","author":"Rosen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res Soc Work Pract"},{"issue":"6\u20137","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1080\/01634372.2017.1328479","article-title":"Research with older adult methadone clients: the importance of monitoring suicide ideation","volume":"60","author":"McCall","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gerontol Soc Work"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e785","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.13m08725","article-title":"Safety, tolerability, and clinical effect of low-dose buprenorphine for treatment-resistant depression in midlife and older adults","volume":"75","author":"Karp","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.2174\/157488511798109592","article-title":"Efficacy of duloxetine in patients with chronic pain conditions","volume":"6","author":"Skljarevski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Drug Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e021535","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-021535","article-title":"Prescribing practice of pregabalin\/gabapentin in pain therapy: an evaluation of German claim data","volume":"9","author":"Viniol","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2020.02.002","article-title":"Opioids in older adults: indications, prescribing, complications, and alternative therapies for primary care","volume":"95","author":"Gazelka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2018.08.025","article-title":"Methadone metabolism and drug-drug interactions: in\u00a0vitro and in\u00a0vivo literature review","volume":"107","author":"Volpe","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pharm Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2018.12.026","article-title":"Medication-assisted treatment for opioid use disorder in older adults: an emerging role for the geriatric psychiatrist","volume":"27","author":"Joshi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000281078.65585.1e","article-title":"Assessing cognitive and psychomotor performance under long-term treatment with transdermal buprenorphine in chronic noncancer pain patients","volume":"105","author":"Dagtekin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-009-0021-1","article-title":"No longer only a young man\u2019s disease--illicit drugs and older people","volume":"13","author":"Crome","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Nutr Health Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7326\/M17-3107","article-title":"Medication for opioid use disorder after nonfatal opioid overdose and association with mortality: a cohort study","author":"Larochelle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1402780","article-title":"Medication-assisted therapies--tackling the opioid-overdose epidemic","volume":"370","author":"Volkow","year":"2014","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1080\/15332560802157065","article-title":"\u201cyou\u2019re nothing but a junkie\u201d: multiple experiences of stigma in an aging methadone maintenance population","volume":"8","author":"Conner","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Soc Work Pract Addict"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1080\/01634370802609049","article-title":"Mistrust and self-isolation: barriers to social support for older adult methadone clients","volume":"52","author":"Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gerontol Soc Work"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0234809","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0234809","article-title":"Treatment of stimulant use disorder: a systematic review of reviews","volume":"15","author":"Ronsley","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaax1532","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aax1532","article-title":"The treatment of cocaine use disorder","volume":"5","author":"Kampman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Adv"}],"container-title":["Clinics in Geriatric Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0749069021000641?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0749069021000641?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:58:22Z","timestamp":1760061502000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0749069021000641"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0749069021000641"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["0749-0690"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0749-0690","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Illicit Drug Use in Older Adults","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinics in Geriatric Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cger.2021.07.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}