{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T10:58:10Z","timestamp":1792839490975,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,1]],"date-time":"2010-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1275350400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,1]],"date-time":"2010-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1275350400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cghjournal.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,9]],"date-time":"2010-03-09T05:20:07Z","timestamp":1268112007000},"page":"483-489","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":131,"title":["Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Complications of Sickle Cell Disease"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Ellen C.","family":"Ebert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Nagar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus D.","family":"Hagspiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib1","first-page":"209","article-title":"Clinical hematology and fundamentals of hemostasis","author":"Harmening","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib2","first-page":"669","article-title":"Harrison's principles of internal medicine","author":"Braunwald","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1976.03630080041014","article-title":"Splenic infarction in sickle cell-hemoglobin C disease","volume":"136","author":"Yeung","year":"1976","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1977.03280210065026","article-title":"Unusual cause of acute abdomen: sickle cell trait and nonhypoxic splenic infarction","volume":"238","author":"King","year":"1977","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2007.01.006","article-title":"The radiological manifestations of sickle cell disease","volume":"62","author":"Madani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.177.3.2243976","article-title":"Acute splenic sequestration crisis in two adults with sickle cell disease: US, CT, and MR imaging findings","volume":"177","author":"Roshkow","year":"1990","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520600988212","article-title":"Liver involvement in acute vaso-occlusive crisis of sickle cell disease: prevalence and predisposing factors","volume":"42","author":"Koskinas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(80)80008-8","article-title":"The liver in sickle cell disease: a clinicopathologic study of 70 patients","volume":"69","author":"Bauer","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1963.03620250097013","article-title":"Infarct-necrosis of the liver in a patient with S-A hemoglobin","volume":"111","author":"Mengel","year":"1963","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.129.5.927","article-title":"Massive splenic infarction in sickle cell-hemoglobin C disease: angiographic findings","volume":"129","author":"Fishbone","year":"1977","journal-title":"AJR"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-198509000-00007","article-title":"Liver involvement in sickle cell disease","volume":"64","author":"Johnson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(86)90276-3","article-title":"Hepatobiliary system in sickle cell disease","volume":"90","author":"Schubert","year":"1986","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib13","first-page":"235","article-title":"The liver in sickle cell anemia: a clinical-pathologic study","volume":"90","author":"Rosenblate","year":"1970","journal-title":"Arch Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.290.6470.744","article-title":"Hepatic sequestration in sickle cell anaemia","volume":"290","author":"Hatton","year":"1985","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib15","first-page":"169","article-title":"Clinical features of hepatic sequestration in sickle cell anaemia","volume":"22","author":"Hernandez","year":"1989","journal-title":"Haematologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.72.850.487","article-title":"Reverse sequestration in a case of sickle crisis","volume":"72","author":"Lee","year":"1996","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib17","first-page":"2048","article-title":"Sickle cell intrahepatic cholestasis: approach to a difficult problem","volume":"90","author":"Shao","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-196502000-00006","article-title":"An unusual hepatic sequela of sickle cell anemia: a report of five cases","volume":"249","author":"Owen","year":"1965","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mph.0000153104.61517.4b","article-title":"Pyogenic hepatic abscess after percutaneous liver biopsy in a patient with sickle cell disease","volume":"27","author":"Garcia-Arias","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Ped Hematol\/Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.47.6.1019","article-title":"An unique presentation of sickle cell disease: pyogenic hepatic abscess","volume":"47","author":"Shulman","year":"1971","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(83)91136-4","article-title":"Desferrioxamine and systemic yersiniosis","volume":"2","author":"Robins-Browne","year":"1983","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-197705000-00008","article-title":"Sickle cell hepatopathy","volume":"70","author":"Sheehy","year":"1977","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-199404000-00006","article-title":"Hepatitis C in sickle cell anemia","volume":"18","author":"DeVault","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.64.4.535","article-title":"Intradermal hepatitis B vaccine in thalassaemia and sickle cell disease","volume":"64","author":"Mok","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(84)80125-0","article-title":"Hepatic biloma complicating sickle cell disease: a case report and a review of the literature","volume":"86","author":"Middletown","year":"1984","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib26","first-page":"1661","article-title":"Sickle cell crisis and cocaine hepatotoxicity","volume":"87","author":"Saltzman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib27","first-page":"213","article-title":"Ultrasonography: hepatic vein thrombosis in sickle cell anemia","volume":"4","author":"Sty","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Pediatr Hematol-Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib28","first-page":"27","article-title":"Portal vein thrombosis in a child with homozygous sickle cell disease","volume":"42","author":"Arnold","year":"1993","journal-title":"West India Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2007.08.009","article-title":"Hepatic dysfunction in sickle cell disease: a new system of classification based on global assessment","volume":"5","author":"Berry","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.20685","article-title":"Circumstances of death in adult sickle cell disease patients","volume":"81","author":"Darbari","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib31","first-page":"712","article-title":"Successful treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection with peginterferon alpha-2a and ribavirin in patients with sickle cell disease","volume":"30","author":"Ayyub","year":"2009","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e3283097699","article-title":"Treatment of chronic hepatitis C in sickle cell disease and thalassaemic patients with interferon and ribavirin","volume":"21","author":"Ancel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.1997.2953112.x","article-title":"Combination therapy with interferon alpha and ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C virus infection in thalassaemic patients","volume":"98","author":"Telfer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.134.3.594","article-title":"Focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver in a child with sickle cell anemia","volume":"134","author":"Markowitz","year":"1980","journal-title":"AJR"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013755029891","article-title":"Nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver and focal global glomerulosclerosis associated with sickle cell anemia","volume":"47","author":"Al-Mukhaizeem","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.2830310203","article-title":"Net renal tubular reabsorption of zinc in healthy man and impaired handling in sickle cell anemia","volume":"31","author":"Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib37","first-page":"48","article-title":"Iron chelation by deferoxamine in sickle cell patients with severe transfusion-induced hemosiderosis: a randomized, double-blind study of the dose-response relationship","volume":"122","author":"Silliman","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.2830070404","article-title":"Effect of zinc on hyperammonemia in sickle cell anemia subjects","volume":"7","author":"Prasad","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8652(199907)61:3<194::AID-AJH6>3.0.CO;2-C","article-title":"Effect of zinc supplementation on incidence of infections and hospital admissions in sickle cell disease","volume":"61","author":"Prasad","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.295.6592.234","article-title":"Gallstones in sickle cell disease in the United Kingdom","volume":"295","author":"Bond","year":"1987","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib41","first-page":"66","article-title":"Cholelithiasis in patients with major sickle hemoglobinopathies","volume":"138","author":"Rennels","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(80)80626-3","article-title":"Incidence of cholelithiasis in sickle cell anemia using the ultrasonic gray-scale technique","volume":"96","author":"Sarnaik","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/0037-198X(87)90033-2","article-title":"Radiology of the gastrointestinal tract in sickle cell anemia","volume":"22","author":"Rao","year":"1987","journal-title":"Semin Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1980.00330170064026","article-title":"Cholelithiasis in sickle cell anemia: surgical or medical management","volume":"140","author":"Stephens","year":"1980","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3468(92)90449-H","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of common bile duct stones in patients with sickle hemoglobinopathies","volume":"27","author":"Ware","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Pediatric Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-198807000-00003","article-title":"Elective cholecystectomy in children with sickle hemoglobinopathies","volume":"208","author":"Ware","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-199511000-00009","article-title":"Sequential endoscopic\/laparoscopic management of sickle hemoglobinopathy-associated cholelithiasis and suspected choledocholithiasis","volume":"88","author":"Gholson","year":"1995","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2000.01557.x","article-title":"Cholangiopathy and intrahepatic stones in sickle cell disease: coincidence or ischemic cholangiopathy?","volume":"95","author":"Hillaire","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib49","first-page":"46","article-title":"Vascular lesions of the liver in sickle cell disease: a clinicopathological study in 26 living patients","volume":"119","author":"Charlotte","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199507273330402","article-title":"A comparison of conservative and aggressive transfusion regimens in the perioperative management of sickle cell disease","volume":"333","author":"Vichinsky","year":"1995","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sla.0000242716.66878.23","article-title":"Asymptomatic cholelithiasis in children with sickle cell disease: early or delayed cholecystectomy?","volume":"245","author":"Curro","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2004.06.071","article-title":"Outcomes for children with gallbladder abnormalities and sickle cell disease","volume":"145","author":"Suell","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.1998.12","article-title":"The safety of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in sickle cell disease: an update","volume":"18","author":"Meshikhes","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Saudi Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib54","first-page":"1533","article-title":"Cholecystectomy in sickle cell anemia patients: perioperative outcome of 364 cases from the National Preoperative Transfusion Study","volume":"89","author":"Haberkern","year":"1997","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(02)00872-3","article-title":"The role of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the management of acute cholecystitis in patients with sickle cell disease","volume":"183","author":"Al-Mulhim","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-198601000-00009","article-title":"Cholelithiasis in sickle cell anemia: surgical considerations","volume":"79","author":"Rutledge","year":"1886","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02387571","article-title":"Sickle cell anemia and cholelithiasis","volume":"18","author":"Manno","year":"1988","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.30.5.569","article-title":"Endoscopic and gastric acid studies in homozygous sickle cell disease and upper abdominal pain","volume":"30","author":"Lee","year":"1989","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.12.3.197","article-title":"Gastric acid secretion in sickle cell anaemia","volume":"12","author":"Wosornu","year":"1971","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(83)80183-8","article-title":"Ischemic colitis complicating sickle cell crisis","volume":"84","author":"Gage","year":"1983","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1989.00390020137029","article-title":"Fatal small-bowel necrosis and pulmonary hypertension in sickle cell disease","volume":"149","author":"Hammond","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2257.2006.00739.x","article-title":"Sickle cell \u201cgirdle syndrome\u201d progressing to ischaemic colitis and colonic perforation","volume":"28","author":"Qureshi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Lab Haematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)80340-3","article-title":"Pseudomembranous colitis in sickle cell disease responding to exchange transfusion","volume":"121","author":"Baruchel","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/49.4.654","article-title":"Elevated fasting breath hydrogen and abnormal breath tests in sickle cell disease: a preliminary report","volume":"49","author":"Heyman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-69-3-517","article-title":"Sickle cell and viral hepatitis","volume":"69","author":"Barrett-Connor","year":"1968","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(77)80436-8","article-title":"Benign course of extreme hyperbilirubinemia in sickle cell anemia: analysis of six cases","volume":"91","author":"Buchanan","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(78)90794-1","article-title":"Hepatic bilirubin UDP-glucuronyltransferase in patients with sickle cell anemia","volume":"74","author":"Maddrey","year":"1978","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1975.03250070034021","article-title":"Serum alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in sickle cell anemia","volume":"232","author":"Brody","year":"1975","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.3109\/00365519309092574","article-title":"Increased activity of 5\u2032-nucleotidase in serum in patients with sickle cell anaemia","volume":"53","author":"Mohamed","year":"1993","journal-title":"Scand J Clin Lab Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2004.05104.x","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of iron overload in patients with beta thalassaemia and sickle cell disease","volume":"126","author":"Voskaridou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.2830420116","article-title":"Hepatic iron stores and plasma ferritin concentration in patients with sickle cell anemia and thalassemia major","volume":"42","author":"Brittenham","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V96.1.76","article-title":"Severity of iron overload in patients with sickle cell disease receiving chronic red blood cell transfusion therapy","volume":"96","author":"Harmatz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.39.3.253","article-title":"Serum ferritin concentration in sickle cell crisis","volume":"39","author":"Brownell","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib74","first-page":"1300","article-title":"Tc-99m diphosphonate and sulfur colloid uptake by the spleen in sickle disease: interrelationship and clinical correlates\u2014concise communication","volume":"225","author":"Silberstein","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1978.03630260091024","article-title":"Splenic sequestration with sickle cell-C disease","volume":"138","author":"Geola","year":"1978","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01356826","article-title":"Intrasplenic masses of \u201cpreserved\u201d functioning splenic tissue in sickle cell disease: correlation of imaging findings (CT, ultrasound, MRI, and nuclear scintigraphy)","volume":"26","author":"Levin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02388359","article-title":"Biliary scintigraphy in children with sickle cell anemia and acute abdominal pain","volume":"15","author":"D'Alonzo","year":"1985","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.163.2.3562812","article-title":"Abdominal pain in sickle cell disease: the role of CT","volume":"163","author":"Magid","year":"1987","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.143.2.245","article-title":"Computed tomography of the spleen and liver in sickle cell disease","volume":"143","author":"Magid","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-10-3982","article-title":"MRI R2 and R2* mapping accurately estimates hepatic iron concentration in transfusion-dependent thalassemia and sickle cell disease patients","volume":"106","author":"Wood","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-198801000-00017","article-title":"MR evaluation of liver iron overload","volume":"12","author":"Hernandez","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Comp Assisted Tomography"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02012409","article-title":"Transfusional hemosiderosis in sickle cell anemia: another cause of an echogenic pancreas","volume":"23","author":"Flyer","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01318115","article-title":"Pathological spectrum of liver diseases in sickle cell disease","volume":"31","author":"Omata","year":"1986","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-06-1823","article-title":"Acute sickle cell hepatopathy represents a potential contraindication for percutaneous liver biopsy","volume":"101","author":"Zakaria","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1159\/000205875","article-title":"Transfusion and exchange transfusion in sickle cell anaemias, with particular reference to iron metabolism","volume":"78","author":"Porter","year":"1987","journal-title":"Acta Haematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1980.00330210112034","article-title":"Exchange transfusion for sickle cell intrahepatic cholestasis","volume":"140","author":"Sheehy","year":"1980","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.37.1.144","article-title":"Chronic intrahepatic cholestasis in sickle cell disease requiring exchange transfusion","volume":"37","author":"O'Callaghan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1097\/00043426-199602000-00009","article-title":"Erythrocytapheresis can reduce iron overload and prevent the need for chelation therapy in chronically transfused pediatric patients","volume":"18","author":"Adams","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Pediatr Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2006.06455.x","article-title":"A randomized comparison of deferasirox versus deferoxamine for the treatment of transfusional iron overload in sickle cell disease","volume":"136","author":"Vichinsky","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Hematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-005-1015-7","article-title":"Deferiprone as an oral iron chelator in sickle cell disease","volume":"84","author":"Voskaridou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Hematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V88.6.1951.bloodjournal8861951","article-title":"First report of reversal of organ dysfunction in sickle cell anemia by the use of hydroxyurea: splenic regeneration","volume":"88","author":"Claster","year":"1996","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib92","first-page":"59","article-title":"Results and current indications of bone marrow allograft in sickle cell disease","volume":"47","author":"Bernaudin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pathol Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-199901150-00010","article-title":"Hepatic sickling: an unusual cause of liver allograft dysfunction","volume":"67","author":"Lerut","year":"1999","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.500050315","article-title":"Living related liver transplantation for acute liver failure in children","volume":"5","author":"Emre","year":"1999","journal-title":"Liver Transpl Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199608083350601","article-title":"Bone marrow transplantation for sickle cell disease","volume":"335","author":"Walters","year":"1996","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2309","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0904971","article-title":"Allogeneic hemeatopoietic stem-cell transplantation for sickle cell disease","volume":"361","author":"Hsieh","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199406093302303","article-title":"Mortality in sickle cell disease: life expectancy and risk factors for early death","volume":"330","author":"Platt","year":"1994","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02029357","article-title":"Fulminant liver failure in a 12-year-old girl with sickle cell anaemia: favourable outcome after exchange transfusions","volume":"154","author":"Stephan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"}],"container-title":["Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1542356510002223?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1542356510002223?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T05:05:41Z","timestamp":1761541541000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1542356510002223"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,6]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S1542356510002223"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016","relation":{},"ISSN":["1542-3565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1542-3565","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Complications of Sickle Cell Disease","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.016","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2010 AGA Institute. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}