{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T20:51:53Z","timestamp":1791060713987,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,1]],"date-time":"2013-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1380585600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,1]],"date-time":"2013-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1380585600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cghjournal.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,28]],"date-time":"2013-03-28T16:06:47Z","timestamp":1364486807000},"page":"1216-1223","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Diagnosis and Management of Clostridium difficile Infection"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Herbert L.","family":"DuPont","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-65-1-1","article-title":"Staphylococcal enterocolitis\u2013treatment with oral vancomycin","volume":"65","author":"Khan","year":"1966","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197404112901508","article-title":"Diagnostic features of clindamycin-associated pseudomembranous colitis","volume":"290","author":"Tedesco","year":"1974","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197803092981003","article-title":"Antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis due to toxin-producing Clostridia","volume":"298","author":"Bartlett","year":"1978","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2011.398","article-title":"The epidemiology of community-acquired Clostridium difficile infection: a population-based study","volume":"107","author":"Khanna","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21457","article-title":"Temporal trends in disease outcomes related to Clostridium difficile infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"17","author":"Ananthakrishnan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1185\/03007995.2012.717529","article-title":"Repeat stool testing for Clostridium difficile using enzyme immunoassay in patients with inflammatory bowel disease increases diagnostic yield","volume":"28","author":"Deshpande","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/18.2.181","article-title":"Clostridium difficile colonization and diarrhea at a tertiary care hospital","volume":"18","author":"Samore","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198901263200402","article-title":"Nosocomial acquisition of Clostridium difficile infection","volume":"320","author":"McFarland","year":"1989","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1086\/651706","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the society for healthcare epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the infectious diseases society of America (IDSA)","volume":"31","author":"Cohen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00129-10","article-title":"Evaluation of the C. Diff Quik Chek Complete Assay, a new glutamate dehydrogenase and A\/B toxin combination lateral flow assay for use in rapid, simple diagnosis of Clostridium difficile disease","volume":"48","author":"Sharp","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e81","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir505","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of real-time polymerase chain reaction in detection of Clostridium difficile in the stool samples of patients with suspected Clostridium difficile infection: a meta-analysis","volume":"53","author":"Deshpande","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis840","article-title":"Impact of the type of diagnostic assay on Clostridium difficile infection and complication rates in a mandatory reporting program","volume":"56","author":"Longtin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(00)01343-5","article-title":"Clostridium difficile toxin and faecal lactoferrin assays in adult patients","volume":"2","author":"Vaishnavi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2011.04.030","article-title":"Repeat stool testing to diagnose Clostridium difficile infection using enzyme immunoassay does not increase diagnostic yield","volume":"9","author":"Deshpande","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1086\/605638","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of Clostridium difficile over the course of 10 years in a tertiary care hospital","volume":"49","author":"Belmares","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00316796","article-title":"Pseudomembranous colitis: how useful is endoscopy?","volume":"4","author":"Bergstein","year":"1990","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-200203000-00008","article-title":"Fulminant Clostridium difficile: an underappreciated and increasing cause of death and complications","volume":"235","author":"Dallal","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1086\/600879","article-title":"Prediction of complicated Clostridium difficile infection by pleural effusion and increased wall thickness on computed tomography","volume":"49","author":"Valiquette","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-011-1522-5","article-title":"Hospital-acquired Clostridium difficile infection: determinants for severe disease","volume":"31","author":"Wenisch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2010.06.008","article-title":"Microbiota-stimulated immune mechanisms to maintain gut homeostasis","volume":"22","author":"Chung","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s10482-008-9232-4","article-title":"Human gut microbiota and bifidobacteria: from composition to functionality","volume":"94","author":"Turroni","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1875-9114.2012.01160.x","article-title":"Characterization of continued antibacterial therapy after diagnosis of hospital-onset Clostridium difficile infection: implications for antimicrobial stewardship","volume":"32","author":"Harpe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1177\/1756283X12454590","article-title":"The intestinal microbiota dysbiosis and Clostridium difficile infection: is there a relationship with inflammatory bowel disease?","volume":"6","author":"Bien","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ther Adv Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28654","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028654","article-title":"Changes in human fecal microbiota due to chemotherapy analyzed by TaqMan-PCR, 454 sequencing and PCR-DGGE fingerprinting","volume":"6","author":"Zwielehner","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/17.1.109","article-title":"Clostridium difficile infection associated with antineoplastic chemotherapy: a review","volume":"17","author":"Anand","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib26","first-page":"2195","article-title":"Current clinical and laboratory strategies to augment the efficacy of immunotherapy in multiple myeloma","volume":"7","author":"Gorschl\u00fcter","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1086\/668023","article-title":"Hospital-onset Clostridium difficile infection rates in persons with cancer or hematopoietic stem cell transplant: a C3IC network report","volume":"33","author":"Kamboj","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2012.10.030","article-title":"Changing epidemiology of Clostridium difficile-associated disease during stem cell transplantation","volume":"19","author":"Trifilio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol Blood Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1007\/s00280-012-1989-5","article-title":"Chemotherapy-induced gut toxicity: are alterations to intestinal tight junctions pivotal?","volume":"70","author":"Wardill","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2011.09.005","article-title":"Clostridium difficile infection is associated with worse long term outcome in patients with ulcerative colitis","volume":"6","author":"Navaneethan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02090205","article-title":"Gastric mucosal toxicity of duodenal juice constituents in the rat","volume":"39","author":"Armstrong","year":"1994","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgh032","article-title":"The bile acid deoxycholic acid (DCA) at neutral pH activates NF-kappaB and induces IL-8 expression in oesophageal cells in vitro","volume":"25","author":"Jenkins","year":"2004","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.06.075","article-title":"Proton pump inhibitors exacerbate NSAID-induced small intestinal injury by inducing dysbiosis","volume":"141","author":"Wallace","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2011.04874.x","article-title":"Systematic review: the use of proton pump inhibitors and increased susceptibility to enteric infection","volume":"34","author":"Bavishi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2011.09.030","article-title":"Association between proton pump inhibitor therapy and Clostridium difficile infection in a meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Deshpande","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-142-10-200505170-00005","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of rifaximin to prevent travelers' diarrhea","volume":"142","author":"DuPont","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01443-07","article-title":"OPT-80 eliminates Clostridium difficile and is sparing of Bacteroides species during treatment of C. difficile infection","volume":"53","author":"Louie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200002103420604","article-title":"Asymptomatic carriage of Clostridium difficile and serum levels of IgG antibody against toxin A","volume":"342","author":"Kyne","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)03592-3","article-title":"Association between antibody response to toxin A and protection against recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhoea","volume":"357","author":"Kyne","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2007.04.018","article-title":"Association of interleukin-8 polymorphism and immunoglobulin G anti-toxin A in patients with Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea","volume":"5","author":"Jiang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1086\/657398","article-title":"A common polymorphism in the interleukin-8 gene promoter is associated with an increased risk for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection","volume":"51","author":"Garey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2007.02.025","article-title":"Association between IgG2 and IgG3 subclass responses to toxin A and recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated disease","volume":"5","author":"Katchar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir404","article-title":"Efficacy of fidaxomicin versus vancomycin as therapy for Clostridium difficile infection in individuals taking concomitant antibiotics for other Concurrent infections","volume":"53","author":"Mullane","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0910812","article-title":"Fidaxomicin versus vancomycin for Clostridium difficile infection","volume":"364","author":"Louie","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1086\/519265","article-title":"A comparison of vancomycin and metronidazole for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, stratified by disease severity","volume":"45","author":"Zar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.27.10.1169","article-title":"Faecal metronidazole concentrations during oral and intravenous therapy for antibiotic associated colitis due to Clostridium difficile","volume":"27","author":"Bolton","year":"1986","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-117-4-297","article-title":"Treatment of asymptomatic Clostridium difficile carriers (fecal excretors) with vancomycin or metronidazole","volume":"117","author":"Johnson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.6153.1667","article-title":"Randomised controlled trial of vancomycin for pseudomembranous colitis and postoperative diarrhoea","volume":"2","author":"Keighley","year":"1978","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib49","first-page":"41","article-title":"Therapeutic trials of antibiotic associated colitis","volume":"22","author":"Mogg","year":"1980","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(83)91036-X","article-title":"Prospective randomised trial of metronidazole versus vancomycin for clostridium-difficile-associated diarrhoea and colitis","volume":"2","author":"Teasley","year":"1983","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1086\/501126","article-title":"Management and outcomes of a first recurrence of Clostridium difficile-associated disease in Quebec, Canada","volume":"42","author":"P\u00e9pin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2850","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr377","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study to assess the ability of rifaximin to prevent recurrent diarrhoea in patients with Clostridium difficile infection","volume":"66","author":"Garey","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2009.08.004","article-title":"Rifaximin redux: treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile infections with rifaximin immediately post-vancomycin treatment","volume":"15","author":"Johnson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1086\/665318","article-title":"A multicenter study of Clostridium difficile infection-related colectomy, 2000\u20132006","volume":"33","author":"Kasper","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sla.0000236628.79550.e5","article-title":"Impact of emergency colectomy on survival of patients with fulminant Clostridium difficile colitis during an epidemic caused by a hypervirulent strain","volume":"245","author":"Lamontagne","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e31822ade48","article-title":"Diverting loop ileostomy and colonic lavage: an alternative to total abdominal colectomy for the treatment of severe, complicated Clostridium difficile associated disease","volume":"254","author":"Neal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1086\/587656","article-title":"Vancomycin for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection: for whom is this expensive bullet really magic?","volume":"46","author":"Pepin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2781","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2007.01539.x","article-title":"Outcomes of Clostridium difficile-associated disease treated with metronidazole or vancomycin before and after the emergence of NAP1\/027","volume":"102","author":"Pepin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e3182257d4f","article-title":"Endoscopic fecal microbiota transplantation: \u201cfirst-line\u201d treatment for severe Clostridium difficile infection?","volume":"45","author":"Brandt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S159","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e318222e603","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection","volume":"45","author":"Brandt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1205037","article-title":"Duodenal infusion of donor feces for recurrent Clostridium difficile","volume":"368","author":"van Nood","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2011.482","article-title":"Standardized frozen preparation for transplantation of fecal microbiota for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection","volume":"107","author":"Hamilton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.01.007","article-title":"Success of self-administered home fecal transplantation for chronic Clostridium difficile infection","volume":"8","author":"Silverman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2012.60","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of colonoscopic fecal microbiota transplant for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection","volume":"107","author":"Brandt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis1025","article-title":"Physician attitudes toward the use of fecal transplantation for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection in a metropolitan area","volume":"56","author":"Jiang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.050350","article-title":"Probiotic therapy for the prevention and treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: a systematic review","volume":"173","author":"Dendukuri","year":"2005","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2009.04102.x","article-title":"Review article: anti-inflammatory mechanisms of action of Saccharomyces boulardii","volume":"30","author":"Pothoulakis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2202","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v16.i18.2202","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of Saccharomyces boulardii in adult patients","volume":"16","author":"McFarland","year":"2010","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2012.56","article-title":"Saccharomyces boulardii for the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in adult hospitalized patients: a single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"107","author":"Pozzoni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1086\/318130","article-title":"The search for a better treatment for recurrent Clostridium difficile disease: use of high-dose vancomycin combined with Saccharomyces boulardii","volume":"31","author":"Surawicz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2010.11","article-title":"Dose-response efficacy of a proprietary probiotic formula of Lactobacillus acidophilus CL1285 and Lactobacillus casei LBC80R for antibiotic-associated diarrhea and Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea prophylaxis in adult patients","volume":"105","author":"Gao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39231.599815.55","article-title":"Use of probiotic lactobacillus preparation to prevent diarrhoea associated with antibiotics: randomised double blind placebo controlled trial","volume":"335","author":"Hickson","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1086\/497832","article-title":"Invasive saccharomyces infection: a comprehensive review","volume":"41","author":"Enache-Angoulvant","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-002-1267-9","article-title":"Seven cases of fungemia with Saccharomyces boulardii in critically ill patients","volume":"28","author":"Lherm","year":"2002","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1086\/342912","article-title":"Lactobacillus bacteremia during a rapid increase in probiotic use of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in Finland","volume":"35","author":"Salminen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/213828","article-title":"A Canadian Working Group report on fecal microbial therapy: microbial ecosystems therapeutics","volume":"26","author":"Allen-Vercoe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-2618-1-3","article-title":"Stool substitute transplant therapy for the eradication of Clostridium difficile infection: \u201cRePooPulating\u201d the gut","volume":"1","author":"Petrof","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkh176","article-title":"Descriptive study of intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhoea","volume":"53","author":"Wilcox","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.41.3.366","article-title":"Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for severe Clostridium difficile colitis","volume":"41","author":"Salcedo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr.10.2011.5052","article-title":"Intravenous immunoglobulin in treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis","author":"Shahani","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ Case reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1086\/660203","article-title":"An evaluation of the impact of a single-dose intravenous immunoglobulin regimen in the treatment of Clostridium difficile infections","volume":"32","author":"Aldeyab","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.06.007","article-title":"Clinical outcomes of intravenous immune globulin in severe Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea","volume":"35","author":"Juang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0907635","article-title":"Treatment with monoclonal antibodies against Clostridium difficile toxins","volume":"362","author":"Lowy","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2003.11.030","article-title":"Active and passive immunization against Clostridium difficile diarrhea and colitis","volume":"22","author":"Giannasca","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.2165\/00063030-199810030-00001","article-title":"Prospects for a vaccine for Clostridium difficile","volume":"10","author":"Kyne","year":"1998","journal-title":"BioDrugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.11.004","article-title":"Clostridium difficile toxoid vaccine in recurrent C. difficile-associated diarrhea","volume":"128","author":"Sougioultzis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.05.062","article-title":"The potential value of Clostridium difficile vaccine: an economic computer simulation model","volume":"28","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vaccine"}],"container-title":["Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1542356513004138?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1542356513004138?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T05:13:40Z","timestamp":1761542020000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1542356513004138"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S1542356513004138"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016","relation":{},"ISSN":["1542-3565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1542-3565","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Diagnosis and Management of Clostridium difficile Infection","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.016","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2013 AGA Institute. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}