{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T17:29:53Z","timestamp":1785259793608,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]],"date-time":"2014-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1406851200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]],"date-time":"2014-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1406851200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cghjournal.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.11.036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,14]],"date-time":"2013-12-14T12:45:52Z","timestamp":1387025152000},"page":"1363-1370","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Mutations in HBV DNA Polymerase Associated With Nucleos(t)ide Resistance Are Rare in Treatment-naive Patients"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Philip","family":"Vutien","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huy N.","family":"Trinh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruel T.","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huy A.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian S.","family":"Levitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khanh","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"da Silveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tami","family":"Daugherty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aijaz","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glen A.","family":"Lutchman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mindie H.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.11.036_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2006.01.009","article-title":"Assessment and management of chronic hepatitis B","volume":"20","author":"Ghany","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.11.036_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2007.12.043","article-title":"Chronic hepatitis B: preventing, detecting, and managing viral resistance","volume":"6","author":"Keeffe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.11.036_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2010.05.007","article-title":"Natural history of chronic hepatitis B","volume":"14","author":"McMahon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.11.036_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa033364","article-title":"Lamivudine for patients with chronic hepatitis B and advanced liver disease","volume":"351","author":"Liaw","year":"2004","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.11.036_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2008.08.021","article-title":"A\u00a0treatment algorithm for the management of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: 2008 update","volume":"6","author":"Keeffe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.11.036_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-008-9048-3","article-title":"Primary resistance, multidrug resistance, and cross-resistance pathways in HBV as a consequence of treatment failure","volume":"2","author":"Locarnini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.11.036_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.08.063","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus resistance to nucleos(t)ide analogues","volume":"137","author":"Zoulim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.11.036_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.5.1972-1974.2001","article-title":"Comparison of sequence analysis and the INNO-LiPA HBV DR line probe assay for detection of lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus strains in patients under various clinical conditions","volume":"39","author":"Aberle","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.11.036_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2006.04567.x","article-title":"YMDD motif variants in inactive hepatitis B carriers detected by Inno-Lipa HBV DR assay","volume":"21","author":"Akarsu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.11.036_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2007.05.001","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype and YMDD motif mutation profile among patients infected with HBV and untreated with lamivudine","volume":"12","author":"Amini-Bavil-Olyaee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.11.036_bib11","first-page":"703A","article-title":"Lamivudine-resistant mutation among treatment-naive hepatitis B patients is common and may be associated with treatment failure","volume":"48","author":"Fung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.11.036_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2009.05864.x","article-title":"Characterization of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase sequences in Chinese treatment naive patients","volume":"24","author":"Han","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.11.036_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v11.i6.867","article-title":"YMDD mutations in patients with chronic hepatitis B untreated with antiviral medicines","volume":"11","author":"Huang","year":"2005","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.11.036_bib14","first-page":"547A","article-title":"Mutations at HBV-Polymerase gene associated with entecavir resistance in patients not undergoing entecavir therapy","volume":"44","author":"Jardi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.11.036_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(00)00023-4","article-title":"Detection of YMDD motif mutations in some lamivudine-untreated asymptomatic hepatitis B virus carriers","volume":"34","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.11.036_bib16","first-page":"707A","article-title":"Effectiveness of entecavir for the treatment of NUC-naive chronic hepatitis B patients: a large multicenter cohort study in clinical practice","volume":"48","author":"Lampertico","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.11.036_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5301","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v12.i33.5301","article-title":"Detection of YMDD mutation using mutant-specific primers in chronic hepatitis B patients before and after lamivudine treatment","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.11.036_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2009.12.006","article-title":"Characterization of potential antiviral resistance mutations in hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase sequences in treatment-naive Chinese patients","volume":"85","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.11.036_bib19","first-page":"701A","article-title":"Primary resistance mutations against nucelos(t)ide analogues in treatment naive patients with HBV-infection","volume":"48","author":"Ludwig","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.11.036_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-003-1242-4","article-title":"Low rate of YMDD motif mutations in polymerase gene of hepatitis B virus in chronically infected patients not treated with lamivudine","volume":"39","author":"Matsuda","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.11.036_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e212","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2011.01435.x","article-title":"Large-scale survey of naturally occurring HBV polymerase mutations associated with anti-HBV drug resistance in untreated patients with chronic hepatitis B","volume":"18","author":"Mirandola","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Viral Hepat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.11.036_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2009.04151.x","article-title":"Prevalence of hepatitis B virus DNA polymerase mutations in treatment-naive patients with chronic hepatitis B","volume":"30","author":"Nguyen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.11.036_bib23","first-page":"1080A","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus (HBV) reverse transcriptase mutation is rare in treatment-naive patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB): a prospective multicenter study using INNO-LiPA HBV DR3 assay","volume":"54","author":"Nguyen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.11.036_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350901400504","article-title":"Variability of reverse transcriptase and overlapping S gene in hepatitis B virus isolates from untreated and lamivudine-resistant chronic hepatitis B patients","volume":"14","author":"Pollicino","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antivir Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.11.036_bib25","first-page":"660A","article-title":"Variability of the HBV Pol gene reverse transcriptase domain in viral isolates from untreated and lamivudine-resistance chronic hepatitis B patients","volume":"46","author":"Pollicino","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.11.036_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2011.08.013","article-title":"Characterization of drug-resistance mutations in HBV D-genotype chronically infected patients, naive to antiviral drugs","volume":"92","author":"Salpini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.11.036_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.5.2503-2505.2005","article-title":"Prevalence, incidence, and clinical relevance of the reverse transcriptase V207I mutation outside the YMDD motif of the hepatitis B virus polymerase during lamivudine therapy","volume":"43","author":"Zollner","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.11.036_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2008.08.020","article-title":"Sensitivity and accuracy of an updated line probe assay (HBV DR v.3) in detecting mutations associated with hepatitis B antiviral resistance","volume":"50","author":"Degertekin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.11.036_bib29","unstructured":"Hepatitis B virus drug resistance mutations. Available at: http:\/\/www.questdiagnostics.com\/testcenter\/testguide.action?dc=TS_HBV_Genotype_BCP_Precore&tabview=true. Last update December 2011. Accessed January\u00a02013."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.11.036_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1086\/522521","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus containing the I233V mutation in the polymerase reverse-transcriptase domain remains sensitive to inhibition by adefovir","volume":"196","author":"Curtis","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.11.036_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2011.04785.x","article-title":"The efficacy of entecavir therapy in chronic hepatitis B patients with suboptimal response to adevofir","volume":"34","author":"Sheen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.11.036_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa051214","article-title":"Variant of hepatitis B virus with primary resistance to adefovir","volume":"354","author":"Schildgen","year":"2006","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.11.036_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2008.01.027","article-title":"Impact of hepatitis B virus rtA181V\/T mutants on hepatitis B treatment failure","volume":"48","author":"Villet","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.11.036_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2009.01117.x","article-title":"Hepatitis B-related hepatocellular carcinoma: epidemiological characteristics and disease burden","volume":"16","author":"Nguyen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Viral Hepat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.11.036_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2010.09.012","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase sequence variant database for sequence analysis and mutation discovery","volume":"88","author":"Rhee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.11.036_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1086\/597808","article-title":"Ultra-deep pyrosequencing of hepatitis B virus quasispecies from nucleoside and nucleotide reverse-transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)-treated patients and NRTI-naive patients","volume":"199","author":"Margeridon-Thermet","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.11.036_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26383","article-title":"Characterization of the dynamics of hepatitis B virus resistance to adefovir by ultra-deep pyrosequencing","volume":"58","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.11.036_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350601100402","article-title":"The clinical impact of early detection of the YMDD mutant on the outcomes of long-term lamivudine therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B","volume":"11","author":"Paik","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antivir Ther"}],"container-title":["Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1542356513018922?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1542356513018922?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T05:15:40Z","timestamp":1761542140000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1542356513018922"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S1542356513018922"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.11.036","relation":{},"ISSN":["1542-3565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1542-3565","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Mutations in HBV DNA Polymerase Associated With Nucleos(t)ide Resistance Are Rare in Treatment-naive Patients","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.11.036","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 AGA Institute. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}