{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T18:52:09Z","timestamp":1790016729716,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]],"date-time":"2014-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1406851200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]],"date-time":"2014-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1406851200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,2]],"date-time":"2014-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388620800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cghjournal.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.12.021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,21]],"date-time":"2013-12-21T07:45:23Z","timestamp":1387611923000},"page":"1390-1397.e2","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":183,"title":["Rifaximin Is Safe and Well Tolerated for Long-term Maintenance of Remission From Overt Hepatic Encephalopathy"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Kevin D.","family":"Mullen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arun J.","family":"Sanyal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan M.","family":"Bass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fred F.","family":"Poordad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Y.","family":"Sheikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. Todd","family":"Frederick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enoch","family":"Bortey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William P.","family":"Forbes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.12.021_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2011.157","article-title":"The multi-dimensional burden of cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy on patients and caregivers","volume":"106","author":"Bajaj","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.12.021_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1746-6342.2006.03215.x","article-title":"Review article: the burden of hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"25","author":"Poordad","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.12.021_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2007.04.027","article-title":"Nationwide increase in hospitalizations and hepatitis C among inpatients with cirrhosis and sequelae of portal hypertension","volume":"5","author":"Nguyen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.12.021_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.21129","article-title":"Hepatic encephalopathy as a predictor of survival in patients with end-stage liver disease","volume":"13","author":"Stewart","year":"2007","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.12.021_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(99)80144-5","article-title":"Prognostic significance of hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"30","author":"Bustamante","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.12.021_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38048.506134.EE","article-title":"Non-absorbable disaccharides for hepatic encephalopathy: systematic review of randomised trials","volume":"328","author":"Als-Nielsen","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.12.021_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-007-9060-7","article-title":"The treatment of hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"22","author":"Morgan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.12.021_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.2165\/10898630-000000000-00000","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy for hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"70","author":"Phongsamran","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.12.021_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.05.056","article-title":"Secondary prophylaxis of hepatic encephalopathy: an open-label randomized controlled trial of lactulose versus placebo","volume":"137","author":"Sharma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.12.021_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22S","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.30.pt2.22S","article-title":"Factors affecting compliance and persistence with treatment for hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"30","author":"Neff","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.12.021_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-199549030-00009","article-title":"Rifaximin. A review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic potential in conditions mediated by gastrointestinal bacteria","volume":"49","author":"Gillis","year":"1995","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.12.021_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn078","article-title":"Development of Escherichia coli rifaximin-resistant mutants: frequency of selection and stability","volume":"61","author":"Ruiz","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.12.021_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0907893","article-title":"Rifaximin treatment in hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"362","author":"Bass","year":"2010","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.12.021_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780030405","article-title":"The evaluation of therapies: historical control studies","volume":"3","author":"Gehan","year":"1984","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.12.021_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(76)90044-8","article-title":"The combination of randomized and historical controls in clinical trials","volume":"29","author":"Pocock","year":"1976","journal-title":"J\u00a0Chronic Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.12.021_bib16","series-title":"Guidance for industry: E 10: choice of control group and related issues in clinical trials","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.12.021_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2011.04808.x","article-title":"Randomised clinical trial: rifaximin improves health-related quality of life in cirrhotic patients with hepatic encephalopathy\u2014a double-blind placebo-controlled study","volume":"34","author":"Sanyal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.12.021_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2010.04257.x","article-title":"Predictors of the recurrence of hepatic encephalopathy in lactulose-treated patients","volume":"31","author":"Bajaj","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.12.021_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-006-9442-4","article-title":"Hospitalizations during the use of rifaximin versus lactulose for the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"52","author":"Leevy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.12.021_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2006.10.107","article-title":"Analysis of hospitalizations comparing rifaximin versus lactulose in the management of hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"38","author":"Neff","year":"2006","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.12.021_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2332","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.02.015","article-title":"Persistence of cognitive impairment after resolution of overt hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"138","author":"Bajaj","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.12.021_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S1665-2681(19)32157-X","article-title":"Bacterial infections associated with hepatic encephalopathy: prevalence and outcome","volume":"2","author":"Strauss","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.12.021_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.06.019","article-title":"Infections in patients with cirrhosis increase mortality four-fold and should be used in determining prognosis","volume":"139","author":"Arvaniti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.12.021_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1086\/511790","article-title":"Risk factors for Clostridium difficile infection in a hepatology ward","volume":"28","author":"Vanjak","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.12.021_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2012.08.017","article-title":"High prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections among patients with cirrhosis at a US liver center","volume":"10","author":"Tandon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.12.021_bib26","first-page":"311A","article-title":"Impact of rifaximin treatment on survival in patients with end-stage liver disease (abstr)","volume":"62","author":"Leise","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.12.021_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.12070","article-title":"Long-term administration of rifaximin improves the prognosis of patients with alcohol-related decompensated alcoholic cirrhosis","volume":"28","author":"Vlachogiannakos","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.12.021_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2009.03958.x","article-title":"Intestinal decontamination improves liver haemodynamics in patients with alcohol-related decompensated cirrhosis","volume":"29","author":"Vlachogiannakos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.12.021_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2011.02650.x","article-title":"Rifaximin improves thrombocytopenia in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis in association with reduction in endotoxaemia","volume":"32","author":"Kalambokis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.12.021_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2010.08.043","article-title":"Endotoxaemia in the pathogenesis of cytopenias in liver cirrhosis. Could oral antibiotics raise blood counts?","volume":"76","author":"Kalambokis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"}],"container-title":["Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S154235651301968X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S154235651301968X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T05:14:59Z","timestamp":1761542099000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S154235651301968X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S154235651301968X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.12.021","relation":{},"ISSN":["1542-3565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1542-3565","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Rifaximin Is Safe and Well Tolerated for Long-term Maintenance of Remission From Overt Hepatic Encephalopathy","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.12.021","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}